Disease relevance of Peptidoglycan monomer

• N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and four other synthetic adjuvants that are structural analogs of part of the mycobacterial peptidoglycan monomer are shown to enhance the nonspecific immunity of mice infected by Klebsiella pneumoniae [1].
• Phage display was used to develop novel peptide inhibitors for MurC, an essential enzyme involved in the early steps of biosynthesis of peptidoglycan monomer [2].
• By contrast, mutation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ltgC inhibited cell separation without affecting peptidoglycan monomer production [3].
• Peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) originating from Brevibacterium divaricatum is a non-toxic, non-pyrogenic, water-soluble immunostimulator [4].
• Immunotherapy of Lewis lung carcinoma with hydrosoluble peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) [5].

High impact information on Peptidoglycan monomer

• Effect of immunoadjuvant peptidoglycan monomer on liver cytochrome P-450 [6].
• Influence of adjuvant-active peptidoglycan monomer on specific T cell responses in mice [4].
• Immunoprotective properties of peptidoglycan monomer linked with zinc in cholestatic jaundice [7].
• Comparative study of the effects of peptidoglycan monomer and structurally related adamantyltripeptides on humoral immune response to ovalbumin in the mouse [8].
• Since it is well known that both zinc ions and bacterial immunostimulants influence the function of the immune system, in the present study we investigated the immunomodulating activity of a new analog of peptidoglycan monomer (PGM), in which the basic molecule was linked to zinc (PGM-Zn) [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Peptidoglycan monomer

• The effects of preoperative treatment with dimethyltriazene p-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) benzoic acid potassium salt (DM-COOK) followed by surgery and non-specific immunotherapy with the peptidoglycan monomer PGM have been evaluated using the Lewis lung carcinoma implanted i.m. in BD2F1 female mice [10].

Biological context of Peptidoglycan monomer

• On the role of T lymphocytes in stimulation of humoral immunity induced by peptidoglycan-monomer linked with zinc [11].
• Comparative susceptibility of a peptidoglycan monomer from Brevibacterium divaricatum and its anhydromuramyl analogue to hydrolysis with N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase. Isolation and characterization of anhydromuramyl-peptidoglycan monomer [12].
• Pharmacokinetics of an immunomodulator peptidoglycan monomer in mice after intravenous administration [13].
• Novel synthetic analogue of immunomodulatory peptidoglycan monomer 1 (PGM), (adamant-1-yl)-CH2CO-PGM (2), was prepared by acylation of epsilon-amino group of diaminopimelic acid with symmetrical (adamant-1-yl)-acetic acid anhydride in the presence of triethylamine [14].
• The ability of peptidoglycan monomer (PGM), an immunomodulator obtained from Brevibacterium divaricatum, to modulate NK and ADCC activities of spleen cells was tested in mice with constitutively weak (C57B1) or strong NK activity (CBA, C3H) [15].

Anatomical context of Peptidoglycan monomer

• PGM stimulates the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells in mice if administered i.v. or s.c., but is completely inactive if administered p.o.. Thus, absence of immunostimulating activity following p.o. administration might be explained by extensive metabolic degradation of peptidoglycan monomer [16].
• The modulating effect of Brevibacterium divaricatum cell wall derivatives, i.e. peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) and peptidoglycan polymer (PGP) on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and spleen lymphocytes (SPL) from neonatal pigs farrowed to gilts or sows was tested [17].
• CONCLUSION: Activation of human monocytes by PGM involves both forms of CD14 molecule, sCD14 and mCD14 [18].
• Peptidoglycan monomer was isolated unchanged after incubations with mouse organs and blood cells [19].
• A peptidoglycan monomer as an antitumor agent in mice: stimulation of phagocytosis by resident peritoneal macrophages with peptidoglycan monomer [20].

Associations of Peptidoglycan monomer with other chemical compounds

• A peptidoglycan "monomer," SEPS-M, which was obtained by hydrolysis of the glycan chain of SEPS with endo-N-acetylmuramidase to disaccharide units did not activate complement [21].
• The excretion was drastically reduced and delayed even after 4 days when cholesterol-rich (phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, 7:5 molar ratio) liposomes were used for encapsulation of peptidoglycan monomer [22].

Gene context of Peptidoglycan monomer

• Only insulin, concanavalin A (Con A), peptidoglycan monomer and a tumour-derived insulinoid stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation by AOFS 21 cells and splenocytes [23].
• The prepared compounds, namely anti-PGM antibodies and 125I-labelled Boc-L-tyrosyl-peptidoglycan monomer, were used as essential components in competitive radioimmunoassay for peptidoglycan monomer determination in mammalian and human sera and plasma, respectively [24].
• Augmentation of NKT and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by peptidoglycan monomer linked with zinc [25].
• 4. Serum and liver esterase activities were studied in mice treated with an immunostimulating agent, peptidoglycan monomer (PGM), and a comparison made with esterases from untreated mice [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Peptidoglycan monomer

• Using the novel ELISA we have analysed the influence of immunomodulatory peptidoglycan monomer on humoral immune response to GXM in mice [27].
• A competitive radioimmunoassay for peptidoglycan monomer [24].
• N.m.r. titration of a natural immunoadjuvant, disaccharide-pentapeptide, peptidoglycan monomer and related compounds [28].

References