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Gene Review

Apo  -  anterior polar opacity

Mus musculus

 
 
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Disease relevance of Apo

 

High impact information on Apo

 

Chemical compound and disease context of Apo

 

Biological context of Apo

 

Anatomical context of Apo

  • To study the role of Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) in this process and the effect of infection on T-cell influx, we infected Apo E3-Leiden mice with C. pneumoniae and investigated the effect on lesion development and T-cell influx in atherosclerotic lesions at different time points post infection (pi) [4].
  • Apo A-I molecules in this state are able to solubilize phospholipid and cholesterol from the plasma membrane of cells [14].
  • Effects of culture substrates and normal hepatic sinusoidal cells on in vitro hepatocyte synthesis of Apo-SAA [15].
  • Mouse Apop-1 expression induces apoptotic death by releasing cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosolic space followed by activation of caspase-9 and -3 [13].
  • Apop totic nuclei were identified at each time point using in situ end-labeling of DNA strand breaks (TUNEL), together with immunolabeling of myocytes; DNA fragmentation (laddering) and nuclear morphology were also assessed [16].
 

Associations of Apo with chemical compounds

  • The results of this study show that STZ treatment leads to significant acceleration of atherosclerotic lesion formation and premature occurrence of calcified cartilaginous areas in Apo E-KO mice, which could be effectively prevented by chronic estrogen treatment [10].
  • In order to accelerate advanced lesion formation, we treated male Apo E-KO mice with streptozotocin (STZ) at the age of 6 weeks [10].
  • Apo e-/- mice were supplemented with L-2-oxo-4-thiazolidin carboxylate (OTC, which supplies cysteine residues, 500 mg/kg/day), or with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, a specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis, 400 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks [17].
  • Apo A-II consists of a single polypeptide chain of 78 amino acid residues, of which the amino-terminus is pyrrolidone carboxylic acid [18].
  • Apo C-III plays an important role in the metabolism of plasma triglyceride, which can delay the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by interfering with apo E-mediated receptor clearance of remnant particles from plasma [19].
 

Regulatory relationships of Apo

 

Other interactions of Apo

  • However, the antibodies exhibited greater affinity for both Apo-MT isoforms [21].
  • In conclusion, several steatogenic drugs inhibit not only mitochondrial beta-oxidation, as previously shown, but also MTP activity, Apo B lipidation into TG-rich VLDL particles, and hepatic lipoprotein secretion [22].
  • The present study was designed to test whether chronic treatment with 17 beta-estradiol affects hyperglycemia-induced premature advanced lesion formation in 40-week-old male apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apo E-KO) mice [10].
  • More recently, we have generated a mouse null for CD36, and crossed it with the atherogenic Apo E null strain [23].
  • Apo-leukotriene A4 hydrolase, prepared by treating the enzyme with 1,10-phenanthroline, was virtually inactive with respect to both enzymatic activities, but could be reactivated by addition of stoichiometric amounts of zinc or cobalt [24].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Apo

References

  1. Intestinal expression of human apolipoprotein A-IV in transgenic mice fails to influence dietary lipid absorption or feeding behavior. Aalto-Setälä, K., Bisgaier, C.L., Ho, A., Kieft, K.A., Traber, M.G., Kayden, H.J., Ramakrishnan, R., Walsh, A., Essenburg, A.D., Breslow, J.L. J. Clin. Invest. (1994) [Pubmed]
  2. Selection of a gene for apolipoprotein A1 using autoantibodies from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Merrill, J.T., Rivkin, E., Shen, C., Lahita, R.G. Arthritis Rheum. (1995) [Pubmed]
  3. New dibenzothiadiazepine derivatives with antidepressant activities. Giannotti, D., Viti, G., Sbraci, P., Pestellini, V., Volterra, G., Borsini, F., Lecci, A., Meli, A., Dapporto, P., Paoli, P. J. Med. Chem. (1991) [Pubmed]
  4. Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Chlamydia pneumoniae) accelerates the formation of complex atherosclerotic lesions in Apo E3-Leiden mice. Ezzahiri, R., Nelissen-Vrancken, H.J., Kurvers, H.A., Stassen, F.R., Vliegen, I., Grauls, G.E., van Pul, M.M., Kitslaar, P.J., Bruggeman, C.A. Cardiovasc. Res. (2002) [Pubmed]
  5. Apo A-I inhibits foam cell formation in Apo E-deficient mice after monocyte adherence to endothelium. Dansky, H.M., Charlton, S.A., Barlow, C.B., Tamminen, M., Smith, J.D., Frank, J.S., Breslow, J.L. J. Clin. Invest. (1999) [Pubmed]
  6. Finally, a noncontroversial role for Apo A-I in HDL-mediated cholesterol flux to cells. Rothblat, G.H. J. Clin. Invest. (1996) [Pubmed]
  7. Identification of a cDNA clone for mouse apoprotein A-1 (apo A-1) and its use in characterization of apo A-1 mRNA expression in liver and small intestine. Miller, J.C., Barth, R.K., Shaw, P.H., Elliott, R.W., Hastie, N.D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1983) [Pubmed]
  8. Hyper-expression of human apolipoprotein E4 in astroglia and neurons does not enhance amyloid deposition in transgenic mice. Lesuisse, C., Xu, G., Anderson, J., Wong, M., Jankowsky, J., Holtz, G., Gonzalez, V., Wong, P.C., Price, D.L., Tang, F., Wagner, S., Borchelt, D.R. Hum. Mol. Genet. (2001) [Pubmed]
  9. Failure of activation of caspase-9 induces a higher threshold for apoptosis and cisplatin resistance in testicular cancer. Mueller, T., Voigt, W., Simon, H., Fruehauf, A., Bulankin, A., Grothey, A., Schmoll, H.J. Cancer Res. (2003) [Pubmed]
  10. Accelerated atherosclerosis and premature calcified cartilaginous metaplasia in the aorta of diabetic male Apo E knockout mice can be prevented by chronic treatment with 17 beta-estradiol. Tse, J., Martin-McNaulty, B., Halks-Miller, M., Kauser, K., DelVecchio, V., Vergona, R., Sullivan, M.E., Rubanyi, G.M. Atherosclerosis (1999) [Pubmed]
  11. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and induction of apoptosis in T-lymphocytes by sulfasalazine. Liptay, S., Bachem, M., Häcker, G., Adler, G., Debatin, K.M., Schmid, R.M. Br. J. Pharmacol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  12. Pathophysiology of apolipoprotein E deficiency in mice: relevance to apo E-related disorders in humans. Moghadasian, M.H., McManus, B.M., Nguyen, L.B., Shefer, S., Nadji, M., Godin, D.V., Green, T.J., Hill, J., Yang, Y., Scudamore, C.H., Frohlich, J.J. FASEB J. (2001) [Pubmed]
  13. Apop-1, a novel protein inducing cyclophilin D-dependent but Bax/Bak-related channel-independent apoptosis. Yasuda, O., Fukuo, K., Sun, X., Nishitani, M., Yotsui, T., Higuchi, M., Suzuki, T., Rakugi, H., Smithies, O., Maeda, N., Ogihara, T. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) [Pubmed]
  14. Mechanisms of high density lipoprotein-mediated efflux of cholesterol from cell plasma membranes. Phillips, M.C., Gillotte, K.L., Haynes, M.P., Johnson, W.J., Lund-Katz, S., Rothblat, G.H. Atherosclerosis (1998) [Pubmed]
  15. Effects of culture substrates and normal hepatic sinusoidal cells on in vitro hepatocyte synthesis of Apo-SAA. Subrahmanyan, L., Kisilevsky, R. Scand. J. Immunol. (1988) [Pubmed]
  16. Apoptosis and oncosis in the early progression of left ventricular dysfunction in the cardiomyopathic hamster. Ryoke, T., Gu, Y., Ikeda, Y., Martone, M.E., Oh, S.S., Jeon, E.S., Knowlton, K.U., Ross, J. Basic Res. Cardiol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  17. Increased macrophage glutathione content reduces cell-mediated oxidation of LDL and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Rosenblat, M., Coleman, R., Aviram, M. Atherosclerosis (2002) [Pubmed]
  18. The single proline-glutamine substitution at position 5 enhances the potency of amyloid fibril formation of murine apo A-II. Higuchi, K., Yonezu, T., Tsunasawa, S., Sakiyama, F., Takeda, T. FEBS Lett. (1986) [Pubmed]
  19. Apolipoprotein C-III can specifically bind to hepatic plasma membranes. Fang, D.Z., Liu, B.W. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (2000) [Pubmed]
  20. Characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in apo E3-leiden transgenic mice. Leppänen, P., Luoma, J.S., Hofker, M.H., Havekes, L.M., Ylä-Herttuala, S. Atherosclerosis (1998) [Pubmed]
  21. Heterogeneity of antibodies to metallothionein isomers and development of a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chan, H.M., Pringle, G.A., Cherian, M.G. J. Biochem. Toxicol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  22. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein: another mechanism for drug-induced steatosis in mice. Lettéron, P., Sutton, A., Mansouri, A., Fromenty, B., Pessayre, D. Hepatology (2003) [Pubmed]
  23. CD36 in atherosclerosis. The role of a class B macrophage scavenger receptor. Nicholson, A.C., Febbraio, M., Han, J., Silverstein, R.L., Hajjar, D.P. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (2000) [Pubmed]
  24. Recombinant mouse leukotriene A4 hydrolase: a zinc metalloenzyme with dual enzymatic activities. Wetterholm, A., Medina, J.F., Rådmark, O., Shapiro, R., Haeggström, J.Z., Vallee, B.L., Samuelsson, B. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1991) [Pubmed]
  25. Reduced aortic lesions and elevated high density lipoprotein levels in transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-IV. Cohen, R.D., Castellani, L.W., Qiao, J.H., Van Lenten, B.J., Lusis, A.J., Reue, K. J. Clin. Invest. (1997) [Pubmed]
  26. Oral administration of an Apo A-I mimetic Peptide synthesized from D-amino acids dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in mice independent of plasma cholesterol. Navab, M., Anantharamaiah, G.M., Hama, S., Garber, D.W., Chaddha, M., Hough, G., Lallone, R., Fogelman, A.M. Circulation (2002) [Pubmed]
 
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