The world's first wiki where authorship really matters (Nature Genetics, 2008). Due credit and reputation for authors. Imagine a global collaborative knowledge base for original thoughts. Search thousands of articles and collaborate with scientists around the globe.

wikigene or wiki gene protein drug chemical gene disease author authorship tracking collaborative publishing evolutionary knowledge reputation system wiki2.0 global collaboration genes proteins drugs chemicals diseases compound
Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
Gene Review

en  -  engrailed

Drosophila melanogaster

Synonyms: 153867_at, Apa, CG9015, Dmel\CG9015, EN, ...
 
 
Welcome! If you are familiar with the subject of this article, you can contribute to this open access knowledge base by deleting incorrect information, restructuring or completely rewriting any text. Read more.
 

Disease relevance of en

  • We show that wg mutants have residual mirror-symmetric pattern that is due to an Engrailed-dependent signal specifying anterior denticle fates [1].
  • cDNA clones originating from the engrailed gene of Drosophila have been isolated from recombinant phage libraries that were made using poly(A)+ RNA extracted from early embryos [2].
  • We used this technique to analyze mutations in the regulatory region of the Drosophila engrailed gene and found that truncations reduce transcription to levels that depend both upon the tissue and upon the location of the chromosomal break [3].
  • Functional conservation of the wingless-engrailed interaction as shown by a widely applicable baculovirus misexpression system [4].
  • To investigate how the engrailed gene is regulated, chimeric genes consisting of fragments of the engrailed promoter and Escherichia coli lacZ were incorporated into the Drosophila germ line by P-element-mediated recombination [5].
 

Psychiatry related information on en

  • The decline in accessory gland ACE in mated males and the concomitant rise in ACE activity in the spermatheca and bursa copulatrix of the female suggested the transfer of ACE from the male to the female during copulation [6].
 

High impact information on en

  • Low-level ectopic expression of the Runt transcription factor blocks activation of the Drosophila melanogaster segmentation gene engrailed (en) in odd-numbered parasegments and is associated with a lethal phenotype [7].
  • Opposing transcriptional outputs of Hedgehog signaling and engrailed control compartmental cell sorting at the Drosophila A/P boundary [8].
  • Moreover, we show that Engrailed (En), in the absence of Ci, is sufficient to specify "P-type" sorting [8].
  • Transport or stability is reduced within engrailed-expressing cells, and farther posteriorward Wingless movement is blocked at the presumptive segment boundary and perhaps beyond [9].
  • We further show that extradenticle modulates the DNA binding activity of engrailed to a different target site [10].
 

Biological context of en

 

Anatomical context of en

  • During the late cellular blastoderm stage of Drosophila embryo-genesis the segmentation genes engrailed, en, and wingless, wg, become expressed in two series of 14 stripes which will subsequently coincide with the anterior and posterior limits of each parasegment [15].
  • The Engrailed homeodomain protein is an 'active' or dominant transcriptional repressor in cultured cells [16].
  • The adult clonal phenotypes of protein kinase A and engrailed-invected mutants also provide a more detailed map of the adult genitalia and analia with respect to the anterior/posterior compartmental subdivision [13].
  • Co-factors and co-repressors of Engrailed: expression in the central nervous system and cerci of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana [17].
  • Cercal sensory neurons express Gro protein, which might therefore act as a co-repressor with En [17].
 

Associations of en with chemical compounds

  • Like repression domains identified in the Drosophila repressors Eve and Krüppel, the En repression domain is rich in alanine residues (26%), but unlike these other domains, is moderately charged (six arginine and three glutamic acid residues) [18].
  • The best-documented examples of such intercellular signalling are the mutual interactions between neighbouring cells expressing the homeodomain protein engrailed and the secreted glycoprotein encoded by wingless, the Drosophila homologue of the murine Wnt-1 gene [19].
  • Two tryptophan residues present in the Drosophila and murine Engrailed EH2 domain are required for cooperativity with extradenticle and Pbx, respectively [20].
  • The Drosophila engrailed protein is phosphorylated by a serine-specific protein kinase [21].
  • The engrailed and huckebein genes are essential for development of serotonin neurons in the Drosophila CNS [22].
 

Physical interactions of en

 

Regulatory relationships of en

  • The subdivisions of the Drosophila embryo, called parasegments, are defined by the interface between cells expressing the homeoprotein Engrailed and cells expressing the secreted protein Wingless [27].
  • Mitotic clones induced at the beginning of the second larval instar do not cross the boundary between the engrailed-expressing and cubitus interruptus-expressing domains, indicating that these domains are true genetic compartments [13].
  • Specifically, Ubx is shown to be down-regulated in the posterior compartment of this parasegment by engrailed (en) [28].
  • Analysis of loss-of-function and ectopic expression phenotypes shows that the domain of Dl-expressing cells is defined by En/Inv repression [29].
  • The pair-rule segmentation gene even skipped (eve) is required to activate engrailed stripes and to organize odd-numbered parasegments (PSs) [30].
 

Other interactions of en

  • Drosophila wingless generates cell type diversity among engrailed expressing cells [27].
  • Groucho acts as a corepressor for a subset of negative regulators, including Hairy and Engrailed [23].
  • In the embryonic epidermis, Wg protein is secreted and taken up by neighboring cells, in which it is required for maintenance of engrailed transcription and accumulation of Armadillo protein [31].
  • Immunoprecipitation experiments using in vivo cross-linked chromatin indicate that these three Polycomb group proteins are associated with identical regulatory elements of the selector gene engrailed in tissue culture cells [32].
  • Surprisingly, it was found that engrailed expression extended a small distance into the anterior lineage compartment of the wing blade, as identified with anti-en/inv mAb, anti-en polyclonal antiserum, or an en-promoter-lacZ insert, ryxho25 [33].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of en

References

  1. Mutual antagonism between signals secreted by adjacent wingless and engrailed cells leads to specification of complementary regions of the Drosophila parasegment. Gritzan, U., Hatini, V., DiNardo, S. Development (1999) [Pubmed]
  2. The engrailed locus of Drosophila: structural analysis of an embryonic transcript. Poole, S.J., Kauvar, L.M., Drees, B., Kornberg, T. Cell (1985) [Pubmed]
  3. Allele-specific quantification of Drosophila engrailed and invected transcripts. Goldsborough, A.S., Kornberg, T.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) [Pubmed]
  4. Functional conservation of the wingless-engrailed interaction as shown by a widely applicable baculovirus misexpression system. Oppenheimer, D.I., MacNicol, A.M., Patel, N.H. Curr. Biol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  5. Region-specific recombination and expression are directed by portions of the Drosophila engrailed promoter. Hama, C., Ali, Z., Kornberg, T.B. Genes Dev. (1990) [Pubmed]
  6. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea: changes in levels of activity during development and after copulation suggest roles during metamorphosis and reproduction. Ekbote, U.V., Weaver, R.J., Isaac, R.E. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  7. Distinct in vivo requirements for establishment versus maintenance of transcriptional repression. Wheeler, J.C., VanderZwan, C., Xu, X., Swantek, D., Tracey, W.D., Gergen, J.P. Nat. Genet. (2002) [Pubmed]
  8. Opposing transcriptional outputs of Hedgehog signaling and engrailed control compartmental cell sorting at the Drosophila A/P boundary. Dahmann, C., Basler, K. Cell (2000) [Pubmed]
  9. Engrailed and hedgehog make the range of Wingless asymmetric in Drosophila embryos. Sanson, B., Alexandre, C., Fascetti, N., Vincent, J.P. Cell (1999) [Pubmed]
  10. extradenticle raises the DNA binding specificity of homeotic selector gene products. van Dijk, M.A., Murre, C. Cell (1994) [Pubmed]
  11. wingless signaling acts through zeste-white 3, the Drosophila homolog of glycogen synthase kinase-3, to regulate engrailed and establish cell fate. Siegfried, E., Chou, T.B., Perrimon, N. Cell (1992) [Pubmed]
  12. Distinguishable functions for engrailed and invected in anterior-posterior patterning in the Drosophila wing. Simmonds, A.J., Brook, W.J., Cohen, S.M., Bell, J.B. Nature (1995) [Pubmed]
  13. Compartmental organization of the Drosophila genital imaginal discs. Chen, E.H., Baker, B.S. Development (1997) [Pubmed]
  14. Smoothened-mediated Hedgehog signalling is required for the maintenance of the anterior-posterior lineage restriction in the developing wing of Drosophila. Blair, S.S., Ralston, A. Development (1997) [Pubmed]
  15. Regulation of segment polarity genes in the Drosophila blastoderm by fushi tarazu and even skipped. Ingham, P.W., Baker, N.E., Martinez-Arias, A. Nature (1988) [Pubmed]
  16. Inserting the Ftz homeodomain into engrailed creates a dominant transcriptional repressor that specifically turns off Ftz target genes in vivo. John, A., Smith, S.T., Jaynes, J.B. Development (1995) [Pubmed]
  17. Co-factors and co-repressors of Engrailed: expression in the central nervous system and cerci of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Blagburn, J.M. Cell Tissue Res. (2007) [Pubmed]
  18. Functional domains of the Drosophila Engrailed protein. Han, K., Manley, J.L. EMBO J. (1993) [Pubmed]
  19. Role of the Drosophila patched gene in positional signalling. Ingham, P.W., Taylor, A.M., Nakano, Y. Nature (1991) [Pubmed]
  20. Engrailed and Hox homeodomain proteins contain a related Pbx interaction motif that recognizes a common structure present in Pbx. Peltenburg, L.T., Murre, C. EMBO J. (1996) [Pubmed]
  21. The Drosophila engrailed protein is phosphorylated by a serine-specific protein kinase. Gay, N.J., Poole, S.J., Kornberg, T.B. Nucleic Acids Res. (1988) [Pubmed]
  22. The engrailed and huckebein genes are essential for development of serotonin neurons in the Drosophila CNS. Lundell, M.J., Chu-LaGraff, Q., Doe, C.Q., Hirsh, J. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. (1996) [Pubmed]
  23. Groucho acts as a corepressor for a subset of negative regulators, including Hairy and Engrailed. Jiménez, G., Paroush, Z., Ish-Horowicz, D. Genes Dev. (1997) [Pubmed]
  24. Recruitment of Drosophila Polycomb group proteins to chromatin by DSP1. Déjardin, J., Rappailles, A., Cuvier, O., Grimaud, C., Decoville, M., Locker, D., Cavalli, G. Nature (2005) [Pubmed]
  25. Early requirement of the transcriptional activator Sox9 for neural crest specification in Xenopus. Lee, Y.H., Aoki, Y., Hong, C.S., Saint-Germain, N., Credidio, C., Saint-Jeannet, J.P. Dev. Biol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  26. beta3-tubulin is directly repressed by the engrailed protein in Drosophila. Serrano, N., Brock, H.W., Maschat, F. Development (1997) [Pubmed]
  27. Drosophila wingless generates cell type diversity among engrailed expressing cells. Dougan, S., DiNardo, S. Nature (1992) [Pubmed]
  28. Engrailed-mediated repression of Ultrabithorax is necessary for the parasegment 6 identity in Drosophila. Mann, R.S. Development (1994) [Pubmed]
  29. A Delta-Notch signaling border regulated by Engrailed/Invected repression specifies boundary cells in the Drosophila hindgut. Iwaki, D.D., Lengyel, J.A. Mech. Dev. (2002) [Pubmed]
  30. Drawing lines in the sand: even skipped et al. and parasegment boundaries. Jaynes, J.B., Fujioka, M. Dev. Biol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  31. The Drosophila segment polarity gene dishevelled encodes a novel protein required for response to the wingless signal. Klingensmith, J., Nusse, R., Perrimon, N. Genes Dev. (1994) [Pubmed]
  32. The polycomb group protein complex of Drosophila melanogaster has different compositions at different target genes. Strutt, H., Paro, R. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  33. Engrailed expression in the anterior lineage compartment of the developing wing blade of Drosophila. Blair, S.S. Development (1992) [Pubmed]
  34. Segment boundary formation in Drosophila embryos. Larsen, C.W., Hirst, E., Alexandre, C., Vincent, J.P. Development (2003) [Pubmed]
  35. polyhomeotic appears to be a target of engrailed regulation in Drosophila. Serrano, N., Brock, H.W., Demeret, C., Dura, J.M., Randsholt, N.B., Kornberg, T.B., Maschat, F. Development (1995) [Pubmed]
  36. Binding site-dependent direct activation and repression of in vitro transcription by Drosophila homeodomain proteins. Ohkuma, Y., Horikoshi, M., Roeder, R.G., Desplan, C. Cell (1990) [Pubmed]
  37. Development of embryonic pattern in D. melanogaster as revealed by accumulation of the nuclear engrailed protein. DiNardo, S., Kuner, J.M., Theis, J., O'Farrell, P.H. Cell (1985) [Pubmed]
  38. The invected gene of Drosophila: sequence analysis and expression studies reveal a close kinship to the engrailed gene. Coleman, K.G., Poole, S.J., Weir, M.P., Soeller, W.C., Kornberg, T. Genes Dev. (1987) [Pubmed]
 
WikiGenes - Universities