Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)

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Gene: snRNA:U1:21D - small nuclear RNA U1 at 21D

Drosophila melanogaster

Synonyms: CR31656, dU1, K5, small nuclear RNA U1, snRNA1, snRNA:U1, snRNA-U1-21.1, U1, U1-1, U1-21.1, U1 21D, U14, U1a, U1a1(AT)[[15]], U1a-21D, U1 small nuclear RNA, U1snRNA, U1 snRNA, U1snRNA21D

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Denison, R.A., Wieben, E.D., Kejzlarová-Lepesant, J., Roberts, M.R., Zamrod, Z., et al.

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Disease relevance of snRNA:U1:21D

A phage containing two sequences homologous to U1 snRNA was isolated from a Drosophila melanogaster genomic library, and identified with a previously cloned D. melanogaster U1 snRNA gene [1].

High impact information on snRNA:U1:21D

This motif is homologous to the phorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate- and cAMP-responsive elements of eukaryotic genes and the regulatory proximal sequence elements of the U1 small nuclear RNA gene and is also present in the promoter of the Drosophila melanogaster yolk protein factor 1 gene [2].
When the translation products of HeLa or Drosophila mRNA are presented with U1 RNA of the other species, the Mrs 32,000 and 26,000 proteins recognize binding sites on the heterologous U1 and, in both cases, form complexes recognized by RNP antibody [3].
Protein binding sites are conserved in U1 small nuclear RNA from insects and mammals [3].
Similar translation-assembly experiments with Drosophila poly(A)+ mRNA reveal that a Mr 26,000 protein identified previously in Drosophila U1 RNP [Wieben, E. D. & Pederson, T. (1982) Mol. Cell. Biol. 2, 914-920] also binds to U1 RNA in vitro [3].
Although the PSEB sequence does not have any obvious sequence similarity to a TATA box, conversion of PSEB to the canonical TATA sequence dramatically increased the efficiency of the U1 promoter and simultaneously relieved the requirement for the upstream PSEA [4].

Biological context of snRNA:U1:21D

The majority of genomic loci bear defective gene copies, or pseudogenes, which contain scattered base mismatches and in some cases lack the sequence corresponding to the 3' end of U1 RNA [5].
We also noted that two other types of repetitive DNA sequences in eucaryotes, the Alu family in vertebrates and the ribosomal DNA insertions in Drosophila, bore a striking structural resemblance to the classes of U1 pseudogenes described here and may have been created by an RNA-mediated insertion event [5].
Analysis of cloned human genomic loci homologous to the small nuclear RNA U1 established that such sequences are abundant and dispersed in the human genome and that only a fraction represent bona fide genes [5].
Although all of the U1 genes examined to date are flanked by essentially identical sequences and therefore appear to comprise a single multigene family, we present evidence for the existence of at least three structurally distinct classes of U1 pseudogenes [5].
In contrast, the U1 sequence in class II and III U1 pseudogenes was flanked by single-copy genomic sequences completely unrelated to those flanking the U1 gene family; in addition, short direct repeats flanked the class III but not the class II pseudogenes [5].

Anatomical context of snRNA:U1:21D

Anti-La sera from 12 out of 12 patients tested were found to precipitate U1 RNA-protein complexes from HeLa cell nuclear extracts, under conditions where nonimmune sera do not [6].

Physical interactions of snRNA:U1:21D

The U1-70K protein is specifically bound to stemloop I of the U1 small nuclear RNA contained in the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (U1 snRNP), which is involved in the splicing of pre-mRNA [7].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of snRNA:U1:21D

These U1 snRNA sequences were located by in situ hybridization at 82E, and related sequences were found at 21D and 95C on the polytene chromosome map [1].

References

A complete and a truncated U1 snRNA gene of Drosophila melanogaster are found as inverted repeats at region 82E of the polytene chromosomes. Kejzlarová-Lepesant, J., Brock, H.W., Moreau, J., Dubertret, M.L., Billault, A., Lepesant, J.A. Nucleic Acids Res. (1984)
A DNA-binding activity, TRAC, specific for the TRA element of the transferrin receptor gene copurifies with the Ku autoantigen. Roberts, M.R., Han, Y., Fienberg, A., Hunihan, L., Ruddle, F.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994)
Protein binding sites are conserved in U1 small nuclear RNA from insects and mammals. Wieben, E.D., Madore, S.J., Pederson, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1983)
In vitro transcription of a Drosophila U1 small nuclear RNA gene requires TATA box-binding protein and two proximal cis-acting elements with stringent spacing requirements. Zamrod, Z., Tyree, C.M., Song, Y., Stumph, W.E. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1993)
Human U1 RNA pseudogenes may be generated by both DNA- and RNA-mediated mechanisms. Denison, R.A., Weiner, A.M. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1982)
Eukaryotic small ribonucleoproteins. Anti-La human autoantibodies react with U1 RNA-protein complexes. Madore, S.J., Wieben, E.D., Pederson, T. J. Biol. Chem. (1984)
Characterization of recombinant human autoantibody fragments directed toward the autoantigenic U1-70K protein. Degen, W.G., Pieffers, M., Welin-Henriksson, E., van den Hoogen, F.H., van Venrooij, W.J., Raats, J.M. Eur. J. Immunol. (2000)