Disease relevance of GKN1

• Outwith the stomach, gastrokine 1 was found only in epithelia showing gastric metaplasia eg Barrett's oesophagus, the ulcer-associated cell lineage and ovarian mucinous neoplasms [1].
• Gastrokine 1 was highly expressed in normal stomach, where it was located in the superficial/foveolar gastric epithelium, but was absent from gastric carcinomas [1].
• One, CA11, was a novel gene expressed predominantly in the stomach and was depleted in all of the gastric cancer cell lines examined [2].
• Blinded interpretations of a quick (4 min), low resolution (3.4 mm x 1.7 mm pixel) T2W sequence (matrix 64 x 256, FOV 21.7 cm phase x 43.5 cm frequency) were compared to the 17 min standard resolution (1.7 mm x 1.7 mm) T2W sequence (256 x 256 matrix, FOV 43 x 43 cm) in 25 patients suspected of having liver metastasis [3].
• Three glomus tumors of the fingers were detected using a dedicated hand and wrist low field (0.1 T) MR imager equipped with solenoidal coils allowing a FOV of 2 cm [4].

High impact information on GKN1

• Gastrokine 1 is abundantly and specifically expressed in superficial gastric epithelium, down-regulated in gastric carcinoma, and shows high evolutionary conservation [1].
• The possibility that AMP-18 is also protective was evaluated in the colonic mucosa of mice and monolayer cultures of human colonic epithelial Caco-2/bbe (C2) cells [5].
• AMP-18 protects barrier function of colonic epithelial cells: role of tight junction proteins [5].
• To resolve the problem, a novel 2D reduced FOV single-shot diffusion-weighted EPI (2D ss-rFOV-DWEPI) pulse sequence applicable for high resolution diffusion-weighted MRI of local anatomic regions, such as brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and optic nerve, has been developed [6].
• However, undersampling artifacts that originate from anatomy superior or inferior to a coronal imaging FOV may severely degrade the image quality [7].

Biological context of GKN1

• CONCLUSION: A possible pathological role for down-regulation of FOV in gastric carcinogenesis was demonstrated [8].
• MRI examinations were performed using a 1.5 Tesla scanner (200FX; Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) to obtain noncontrast T1-weighted SE images (TR/TE; 500/15 or 400/15ms), with a slice thickness of 5 mm on coronal images, 10 mm or 7 mm on sagittal images, FOV 15x15 cm, matrix 256x256, using a surface coil with patients in the supine position [9].

Anatomical context of GKN1

• Antrum extracts and recombinant human AMP-18 exhibit growth-promoting activity on epithelial cells that can be blocked by the specific antisera [10].
• To reveal the implication in gastric cancer pathogenesis of the novel human gene referred to as CA11, which was recently isolated by a differential display technique using normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer tissue, we examined CA11 expression in 50 primary gastric cancers and also introduced the CA11 gene into gastric cancer cells [11].
• With 3D BH MRA, the entire vessel territory both in abdominal aorta and in iliac vessels was visualized in all cases without signal falloff in the FOV [12].
• Thirty-five healthy fetuses (22-42 weeks) were examined on a 1.5- T MR system using sagittal T2w single-shot fast spin-echo imaging (TR indefinite, TE 90 ms, slice thickness/gap 3-5/0 mm, FOV 26-40 cm, NEX 0.5) [13].
• In 12 WAD patients and six asymptomatic controls the alar ligaments were imaged in the coronal plane with an 0.5-T MRI system using a quadrature neck coil and applying a fast spin echo proton density/T2-weighted sequence (TR/TE/ETL 2,500/18 ms/16, FOV 140 mm, matrix 200 x 256, 16 x 3 mm slices, scan time 25 min) [14].

Associations of GKN1 with chemical compounds

• The protocol included axial images focused on the IAM: HR 2D-FSE T2w images (4000/63, ETL = 16, 3-mm sections with 1.5 mm overlap, 18 FOV, 512 x 384 matrix) and gadolinium-enhanced T1w images (600/23, 3-mm sections, 18 FOV, 256 x 192 matrix) [15].
• We investigated TR, TE, Matrix, FOV, and coil selection in terms of CNR (contrast-to-noise ratio) and SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) by comparing axial images and/or three-dimensional images [16].
• Biopsies of the left vastus lateralis muscle and T1 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images (1.5 Tesla, TR/TE 600/20, 4 nex, 48 cm rectangular FOV, 10 mm transaxial slices at 5-mm intervals) of both thighs were used to examine muscle morphology [17].

Other interactions of GKN1

• In duodenum only, gastrokine 1, trefoil factor 1 and claudin 2 were induced by iron-deficiency [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GKN1

• Northern blot analysis showed that expression of the CA11 gene in cancer tissue was down-regulated compared with normal tissue [11].
• Furthermore, by casting the FOV reduction of parallel imaging techniques as a dimensionality reduction of the k-space that is NF-encoded, one can obtain a speed-up of each digital NF spatial excitation in addition to accelerated imaging [19].
• Immunodiffusion tests indicated that CA-11 hemolysin was immunologically related to AH-1 hemolysin but possessed unique antigenic determinants [20].
• Using a bandwidth of +/-83 kHz, well-resolved single-shot images of the human brain, as well as good quality fMRI data sets were obtained with a matrix of 192 x 192 over 16 x 16 cm2 FOV using half k-space techniques [21].
• There was only one solitary lesion located outside of FOV of PET scan in the femur, but with clinical information that was no problem for PET diagnosis [22].

References