Disease relevance of CD1B

• Since MHC class II traffics normally in AP-3-deficient cells, defects in CD1b antigen presentation may account for recurrent bacterial infections in HPS-2 patients [1].
• In the present study, we examined a lymphoma derived from a child lymphoblastic lymphoma bearing CD1, CD4, and CD8 antigens and established in nude mice [2].
• Susceptibility to Guillain-Barré syndrome is associated to polymorphisms of CD1 genes [3].
• CD1 genotyping of patients with Mycobacterium malmoense pulmonary disease [4].
• Using this method, we compared the allele and haplotype frequencies of CD1 in 49 HIV-negative patients with M. malmoense pulmonary disease with those in 342 normal controls [4].

Psychiatry related information on CD1B

• Several independent lines of transgenic mice were compared to age-matched normal control mice of identical genetic background (CD1) by measuring their exploratory behaviors in novel situations [5].

High impact information on CD1B

• Insights gained from mice and humans now delineate the extensive range of diseases in which CD1-restricted T cells play important roles and reveal differences in the role of CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in contrast to CD1d [6].
• CD1-restricted T cells carry out effector, helper, and adjuvant-like functions and interact with other cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, thereby contributing to both innate and adaptive immune responses [6].
• This review describes the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and in regulating the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity [6].
• CD1 proteins are conserved in all mammalian species so far examined and are prominently expressed on cells involved in antigen presentation, which suggests a role in activation of cell-mediated immunity [7].
• Recent studies have identified the CD1 family of proteins as novel antigen-presenting molecules encoded by genes located outside of the major histocompatibility complex [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of CD1B

• Since vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has limited efficacy, the influence of viable BCG organisms on the induction of CD1b antigen by granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been tested in adherent mononuclear cells obtained from peripheral blood of healthy donors [8].
• The effectiveness of Doxil as a new chemotherapeutic agent against canine transmissible venereal tumor was evaluated, using NOD/ SCID and CD1-nu xenograft mouse models and the response between the two mouse strains was compared [9].
• After STZ treatment, all CD-1 mice developed high hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, polydipsia, and polyphagia [10].
• Furthermore, to determine whether overexpression of S100beta was sufficient to inhibit in vivo hypertrophy, transgenic mice containing multiple copies of the human gene under the control of its own promoter, and CD1 control mice were treated with norepinephrine (NE) (1.5 mg/kg) or vehicle, intraperitoneally twice daily for 15 d [11].
• Substitution of the next residue, phenylalanine (CD1) beta 42 by serine (Hb Hammersmith), has resulted in chronic severe Heinz body hemolytic anemia [12].

Biological context of CD1B

• Failure of trafficking and antigen presentation by CD1 in AP-3-deficient cells [1].
• All CD1 genes are located on chromosome 1 and hence are independent of the MHC locus [13].
• The 190 kb of DNA linking all five CD1 genes has been spanned by 14 overlapping cosmids [13].
• We constructed a thymocyte cDNA library and screened the library with CD1-specific probes [14].
• Analysis of the genomic structure of the porcine CD1 gene cluster [15].

Anatomical context of CD1B

• Of interest is the finding that CD1A2, CD1B, and CD1E genes were found to be expressed by rabbit B cell populations [14].
• Cattle can be used as a model to study group 1 CD1-restricted T cell immunity, including its role in the defense against mycobacterial infections that occur naturally in this species [16].
• In addition, expression studies demonstrated that the CD1 genes were expressed in peripheral lymphoid tissues as well as in skin, gut, and lung [14].
• CD1 molecules are structurally and functionally related to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and are expressed on dedicated antigen-presenting cells [4].
• In the present study, we confirm the presence of two out of the three CD1 molecules on epidermal Langerhans cells by biochemical analysis [17].

Associations of CD1B with chemical compounds

• It is of interest that a tyrosine-based motif for endosomal localization found in the human CD1b cytoplasmic tail was encoded by a single short exon which was conserved in all CD1 molecules except for CD1a [18].
• Breeding experiments showed that the hypoxanthine sensitivity of embryos from CD-1 mothers was not affected by the paternal genome [19].
• Gender-related differences in susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced protein arylation and nephrotoxicity in the CD-1 mouse [20].
• Two subfractions were characterized as follows: an immature population (Fr6 PNA-) expressed a high level of CD1 (OKT6 binding) antigen and a low level of class I HLA antigen; and a more mature fraction (Fr3 PNA-) expressed minimal amounts of CD1 antigen and relatively high levels of HLA class I molecules [21].
• Whereas mutant CD1 failed to bind Gt, mutants CD2 and EF1 showed normal Gt binding but failed to release Gt in the presence of guanosine triphosphate [22].

Regulatory relationships of CD1B

• On CD1-expressing cells (thymocytes and Langerhans cells) it would be tempting to take advantage of the sensitivity of CD1a molecule to trypsin in order to precise the structure/function relationship of CD1a antigen [17].
• In this paper we demonstrate that granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) specifically induces the expression of CD1 molecules, CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, upon human monocytes [23].

Other interactions of CD1B

• Over a decade ago, CD1B and CD1D homologs were identified in the rabbit [14].
• The nucleotide substitutions in CD1B and CD1C are rare and reported to be silent [3].
• Using a panel of epitope-specific Abs and site-specific mutants of the CD1b molecule, we showed that TCR interactions occur on the membrane distal aspects of the CD1b molecule over the alpha1 and alpha2 domain helices [24].
• There was no detectable beta 2m other than that associated with HLA-ABC and CD1 on the surface of malignant T cells by contrast [25].
• Of the 44 beta 2m-alpha-chain contacts defined for Class I HLA, 24 alpha-chain contact sites were conserved in CD1, 25 in FcRn and 17 in the H301-gene product [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CD1B

• We have extended this earlier study by identifying additional CD1 genes with the goal of developing the rabbit as an animal model to study the function of CD1 proteins [14].
• Five CD1 genes have been isolated, and Southern blot analysis suggests that these represent all the cross-hybridizing human CD1 genes [27].
• Widespread transcription of rat CD1 was readily detected by Northern blot analysis in nonlymphoid organs, including the liver, kidney, and heart, as well as in lymphoid organs, including the thymus, lymph node, and spleen [28].
• Immunoprecipitation with a rabbit anti-rat CD1 Ab showed that rat CD1 was expressed on the cell surface as a beta 2-microglobulin-associated heterodimer [28].
• CD1 expression was detected on monocytes in the majority of SCA patients (75%), whereas it was not observed in the vast majority of the control group (70.4%) [29].

References