Disease relevance of Scabies

• Prior to these patients' visit to our institute, their conditions had been diagnosed as pediculosis, scabies, or pulicosis and treated unsuccessfully with the antiparasitic agent lindane (0.3%) [1].
• Therefore, we consider that combination treatment with benzyl benzoate solution and oral ivermectin is preferable to single-agent therapy in crusted scabies occurring in HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients [2].
• Various Streptomyces spp. including S. violaceus, S. scabies, S. griseus, S. exfoliatus, S. coelicolor and S. lividans secrete indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when fed with L-tryptophan (Trp) [3].
• A 3-year-old boy with nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma with a four-month history of scabies was treated with a single dose of lindane cream [4].
• Pruritis due to scabies persisted at 28 +/- 7 days in 14% of the permethrin group and in 25% of the lindane group [5].

High impact information on Scabies

• Lindane for scabies in Bangladesh [6].
• Community control of scabies: a model based on use of permethrin cream [7].
• For 18 years treatment with lindane or crotamiton products has failed to stem the epidemic of scabies among the Kuna Indians in the San Blas islands of the Republic of Panama. Permethrin 5% cream was introduced as the only treatment in a programme to control scabies on an island of 756 inhabitants and involving workers recruited locally [7].
• Nitrofurazone in scabies [8].
• Scabies mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Scabies

• Sulfiram, a drug applied topically to treat scabies, produces effects similar to those of disulfiram after subsequent ingestion of ethanol [10].
• The development of aerial mycelia in S. alboniger, S. scabies, and S. coelicolor was also sensitive to glucose repression [11].
• In both sexes, scabies was commoner in smokers (P <0.05) and parenteral drug abusers (P <0.001) [12].
• All S. alboniger, 27% of S. scabies, and 39% of the S. violaceus-ruber Amy- isolates were arginine auxotrophs [13].
• We found that both benzyl benzoate and ivermectin alone were quite effective in mild to moderate scabies, but they were both associated with an unacceptable rate of relapse and failure in severe or crusted scabies [2].

Biological context of Scabies

• Percutaneous absorption of DDT from a parasiticide used for treatment of scabies [14].

Anatomical context of Scabies

• BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Because of the concern for potential neurotoxic effects (central nervous system excitation, convulsions) in the treatment of scabies using 1% lindane lotion, 5% permethrin cream has been suggested as an alternative scabicide [15].
• The scabies extract down-regulated keratinocyte secretion of IL-1 receptor antagonist, but did not influence the production of IL-1alpha or IL-1beta [16].
• These results suggest that live scabies mites produced something that inhibited IFNgamma production in the lymph nodes of scabies-immunized mice [17].
• Seemingly, sarcoptic mange in pigs did not alter mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenic responses, but did increase serum cortisol concentrations, indicating that sarcoptic mange may be a stressor in pigs [18].

Gene context of Scabies

• The lack of IL-4 but high levels of IL-10 suggests that IL-10 was likely secreted by type 1 T-regulatory cells, which were activated by something in the scabies extract [19].
• No IL-2 or IL-4 was produced in response to scabies extract [19].
• Sixty patients with scabies were typed for thirty-three antigens of the HLA-A, -B and -C series [20].
• Previous studies suggested that the balance between the Th1 and Th2 immune responses may influence the outcome of a scabies infestation in a sensitized host [17].
• One major observation of this literature search is that permethrin is the treatment of choice for lice and scabies in the US and in Great Britain, whereas lindane is still recommended for scabies in most other European countries because of its longer-standing record of effectiveness [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Scabies

• Direct immunofluorescence of scabies lesions revealed IgM, IgA, C3, and fibrin in the cornified layer of the epidermis, dermoepidermal junction, and papillary dermal vessels [22].
• When generalized papular, crusted, or eczematoid lesions are observed in HIV-positive patients, particularly if the CD4 count is less than 200/mm3, scabies should be included in the differential diagnosis [23].
• The only statistically significant correlation was between atopy patch test positivity and the extent of scabies involvement (p<0.05) [24].
• In a double-blind study, 38 adults with scabies were treated with the scabicide Tenutex (a proprietary aqueous emulsion containing 0.5% DDT, 2% disulfiram and 22.5% benzyl benzoate) and 42 patients were treated with a similar emulsion lacking DDT [25].
• We report the case of a patient with crusted scabies with neither systemic disease nor immunosuppression; all the lesions were cured with applications of 5% permethrin lotion [26].

References