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Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
MeSH Review

CpG Islands

 
 
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Disease relevance of CpG Islands

 

High impact information on CpG Islands

  • Moreover, it has been suggested that Sp1 is linked to the maintenance of methylation-free CpG islands, the cell cycle, and the formation of active chromatin structures [6].
  • As CpG islands overlap with approximately 60% of human genes, the resulting CpG island library can be used to isolate full-length cDNAs and to place genes on genomic maps [7].
  • CpG islands are short stretches of DNA containing a high density of non-methylated CpG dinucleotides, predominantly associated with coding regions [7].
  • We report here that the CpG clusters of the active hprt and g6pd genes are not only undermethylated, but also hypersensitive to MspI, DNase I and S1 nuclease, further supporting the suggestion that they are involved in the control of expression of these genes [8].
  • In an attempt to find the mechanism by which CpG islands remain free of methylation we have undertaken a detailed examination of the mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) gene [9].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of CpG Islands

 

Biological context of CpG Islands

 

Anatomical context of CpG Islands

  • Studies of DNA, digested with Hpa II and probed with cloned genomic G6PD sequences, indicate that expression of the locus in chorionic villi is associated with hypomethylation of 3' CpG clusters [19].
  • It is more likely that there could be a strong selection process favouring those cells with a reverted full mutation which produced a small and unmethylated FMR-1 CpG island allowing for re-expression of the FMR-1 gene, especially in male germ cells [20].
  • Soggy (Sgy) and Tead2, two closely linked genes with CpG islands, were coordinately expressed in mouse preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells but were differentially expressed in differentiated cells [21].
  • Distinct patterns of E-cadherin CpG island methylation in papillary, follicular, Hurthle's cell, and poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinoma [22].
  • GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation was not detected in normal epithelium (0 of 48) or in hyperplastic epithelium (0 of 22), but was found in 4 of 64 (6.3%) PIA lesions [11].
 

Associations of CpG Islands with chemical compounds

 

Gene context of CpG Islands

  • The tight clustering and juxtaposition of at least five of the surfeit genes (Surf-1-Surf-5) and their associated CpG-rich islands have been found to be conserved over the 600 million years of divergent evolution that separates birds and mammals [28].
  • The BCL3 gene contains 2 cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) islands, and the intragenic 3' CpG was entirely demethylated in SU-DHL-1 and DEL [29].
  • The Surf-4 gene has heterogeneous transcriptional start sites, and its 5' end lies in a CpG-rich island [30].
  • In contrast, MCF-7/ADR cells contained only unmethylated GSTP1 CpG island alleles and exhibited abundant GSTP1 expression [31].
  • These data suggest that overexpression of DNMT1 and DNMT3a, DNA hypermethylation on CpG islands, and DNA hypomethylation on pericentromeric satellite regions are early events during hepatocarcinogenesis, and that reduced expression of MBD4 may play a role in malignant progression of HCC [32].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CpG Islands

References

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  22. Distinct patterns of E-cadherin CpG island methylation in papillary, follicular, Hurthle's cell, and poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinoma. Graff, J.R., Greenberg, V.E., Herman, J.G., Westra, W.H., Boghaert, E.R., Ain, K.B., Saji, M., Zeiger, M.A., Zimmer, S.G., Baylin, S.B. Cancer Res. (1998) [Pubmed]
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  29. High-level expression of BCL3 differentiates t(2;5)(p23;q35)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma from Hodgkin disease. Nishikori, M., Maesako, Y., Ueda, C., Kurata, M., Uchiyama, T., Ohno, H. Blood (2003) [Pubmed]
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  31. Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein-2 mediates transcriptional repression associated with hypermethylated GSTP1 CpG islands in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Lin, X., Nelson, W.G. Cancer Res. (2003) [Pubmed]
  32. Expression of mRNA for DNA methyltransferases and methyl-CpG-binding proteins and DNA methylation status on CpG islands and pericentromeric satellite regions during human hepatocarcinogenesis. Saito, Y., Kanai, Y., Sakamoto, M., Saito, H., Ishii, H., Hirohashi, S. Hepatology (2001) [Pubmed]
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