Disease relevance of Autolysis

• The Tn551 insertion site of the autolysis-deficient Staphylococcus aureus mutant RUSAL2 was cloned and used to identify the autolysis gene atl in the parent strain, RN450 [1].
• Penicillin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, autolysis and the Psa ATP-binding cassette (ABC) manganese permease [2].
• As this procedure specifically stains the outer membrane, it was possible to demonstrate that, in E. coli K-12, changes in lipopolysaccharide distribution occurred during autolysis and lysozyme treatment [3].
• We have determined the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the wild-type div+ gene of Bacillus subtilis which complements the temperature-sensitive div-341 mutation and is involved in cell septation, sporulation, secretion of extracellular enzymes, development of competence, autolysis and spore outgrowth [4].
• Twenty-seven of the 29 defects observed occurred in the anterior tube (exencephaly); fourteen were identified in female fetuses, but the sex could not be determined in the other 15 cases because of fetal death and early autolysis [5].

High impact information on Autolysis

• Electron-donating agents, such as phenazine methosulfate and ascorbate, are effective in retarding autolysis [6].
• Apoptotic cells do not release HMGB1 even after undergoing secondary necrosis and partial autolysis, and thus fail to promote inflammation even if not cleared promptly by phagocytic cells [7].
• Deletion of vncS inhibits autolysis and also decreases killing by unrelated antibiotics [8].
• This observation may have implications for the possible mechanisms of action of P-glycoprotein and for a possible physiologic role for P-glycoprotein in protection against complement-mediated autolysis [9].
• METHODS: The amounts of DARPP-32, synapsin I, and the alpha subunit of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II were measured by immunoblotting in postmortem samples from 14 schizophrenic subjects and their age-, gender-, and autolysis time-matched control subjects [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Autolysis

• Both forms of C4 were functional as assayed by the ability of their alpha-chains to be cleaved by the protease C1, to bind methylamine, and to undergo denaturation-dependent autolysis [11].
• To test this hypothesis, the autolysis loops of both thrombin and the anticoagulant serine protease-activated protein C were replaced with the corresponding loop of factor Xa [12].
• Heparin-activated antithrombin interacts with the autolysis loop of target coagulation proteases [12].
• 2. Inclusion of protease inhibitors during enzyme extraction did not affect the fraction of total enzyme activity which was water-soluble, nor did autolysis for 1 h at 25 degrees C. The physical properties of the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase were determined after solubilization with Triton X-100 [13].
• In addition, leupeptin administration for 9 days increased the activities of cathepsins C and D, as well as the rate of acid autolysis [14].

Biological context of Autolysis

• Calpain 3 is activated through autolysis within the active site and lyses sarcomeric and sarcolemmal components [15].
• To investigate the role of this autolysis loop in fX function, a recombinant variant with a new site for asparagine-linked glycosylation has been produced by changing glutamine 333 to asparagine [16].
• The enzymes undergo N-terminal autolysis in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner which was shown with CALPB to run parallel with enzyme activation [17].
• The functional epitope of thrombin recognizing thrombomodulin was mapped using Ala-scanning mutagenesis of 54 residues located around the active site, the Na(+) binding loop, the 186-loop, the autolysis loop, exosite I, and exosite II [18].
• Interconnection of competence, stress and CiaR regulons in Streptococcus pneumoniae: competence triggers stationary phase autolysis of ciaR mutant cells [19].

Anatomical context of Autolysis

• Is calpain activity regulated by membranes and autolysis or by calcium and calpastatin [20]?
• Secretory ducts and islets of Langerhans show no pathologic changes even after total autolysis of the exocrine pancreas [21].
• In addition, no changes were observed in the banding patterns of the major autolysins in whole-cell extracts of the fem mutants, suggesting that the reduced cell wall turnover and autolysis observed in some of the insertionally inactivated strains were due to changes either of the substrate or in the autolysin control [22].
• By contrast, in rat erythrocytes, calpain was largely cytosolic and underwent rapid translocation and autolysis in response to ionomycin [23].
• The molar long chain acylcarnitine: phospholipid ratio of isolated sarcolemma was much larger (1:100), but it did not change after autolysis [24].

Gene context of Autolysis

• To elucidate the muscular proteolytic system mediated by p94 and to solve the mystery of its unusually rapid autolysis, we searched for p94-binding proteins by the two-hybrid system [25].
• Furthermore, cell surface proteolysis of the 55-kDa MT1-MMP species occurs in the absence of active MMP-2, suggesting MT1-MMP autolysis [26].
• Together, these studies demonstrate that generation of the 44-kDa MT1-MMP autolysis product regulates collagenolytic activity and subsequent invasive potential, suggesting a novel feedback mechanism for the control of pericellular proteolysis [27].
• Autolysis was maximal in the presence of 150 microg/ml hydroxyapatite where MMP-3 was only partially bound to crystals [28].
• The rapid autolysis of the 27-Kd subunit to a 18-Kd intermediate when CANP is exposed to calcium may explain differences between our results and previous reports, which describe brain mCANP in other species as a 76-80-Kd monomer or a heterodimer containing 76-80-Kd and 17-20-Kd subunits [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Autolysis

• The calpains were allowed to autolyze to completion, and the autolysis products were separated and were characterized by using gel permeation chromatography, calpastatin affinity chromatography, and sequence analysis [30].
• In addition, B. catarrhalis contained small amounts of phosphatidylcholine, and N. gonorrhoeae contained small amounts of lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, which accumulated with autolysis accompanying late cell culture growth [31].
• A second stage autolysis was carried out for another 96 h at 4 degrees C. The enzyme was purified to 786-fold from the second stage cell autolysate by using two steps of affinity chromatography with triazine dyes (Yellow H-E4G and Yellow H-E6G) coupled to Sepharose CL-4B [32].
• Investigation of the short-time autolysis of rat hearts by means of SDS. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy [33].
• The membrane fraction of murine spleen cells was solubilized by autolysis in 0.25% potassium cholate and 3M potassium chloride, and the solubilized membrane components were fractionated by ultrafiltration and preparative free-flow electrophoresis [34].

References