Disease relevance of Smell

• OBJECTIVES: To assess whether olfactory deficits are present in the general Guamanian Chamorro population and to evaluate olfaction in each of the four neurodegenerative disease syndromes of Guam: ALS, pure parkinsonism, pure dementia, and the combined parkinsonism-dementia complex (PDC) [1].
• To address this further we assessed olfaction by three methods-a smell identification test ("UPSIT") in 58 patients and 135 controls; olfactory-evoked response (OEP) to H2S in 15 patients, and pathological examination of olfactory bulbs obtained from 8 cadavers [2].
• BACKGROUND: The relative contribution to the olfactory dysfunction of the lesions in the specific brain regions involved in olfaction compared with the lesions scattered all over the rest of the brain has not been fully clarified yet in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) [3].
• It is hypothesized that oxymetazoline needs to be applied locally to the area of the olfactory cleft in order to significantly improve olfaction during the course of the common cold [4].
• Side effects associated with carbimazole treatment are reported to include impaired taste, impaired olfaction, and hearing loss [5].

Psychiatry related information on Smell

• Very early changes in olfactory functioning due to Alzheimer's disease and the role of apolipoprotein E in olfaction [6].
• In the home-cage two-bottle test, the preference for apple juice over orange juice was apparent even after the olfactory bulbectomy, indicating that olfaction was not essential for the formation of food preference behavior [7].

High impact information on Smell

• Prolactin-releasing stimuli not only include the nursing stimulus, but light, audition, olfaction, and stress can serve a stimulatory role [8].
• In olfaction, the X-linked OCNC1 channel subunit is subject to random inactivation and is essential for odorant-evoked activity [9].
• A cGMP signaling pathway that is used in olfaction maintains str-2 expression after the initial decision has been made [10].
• There is considerable evidence for the involvement of adenylate cyclase in vertebrate olfactory transduction, and some data indicate that phospholipase C may have a central role in insect olfaction [11].
• The distribution of 3H-substance P receptors suggests that substance P is probably involved in the control of sensory processes such as pain, vision, audition and olfaction [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Smell

• Sulphydryl groups and the quinone receptor in insect olfaction and gustation [13].
• Isolation of an olfactory cDNA: similarity to retinol-binding protein suggests a role in olfaction [14].
• The high expression of carnosine in the mammalian olfactory receptor neurons led to infer that this dipeptide could play a role as a neurotransmitter/modulator in olfaction [15].
• Current repellents, usually based on DEET, inhibit host finding by impeding insect olfaction, but have significant drawbacks [16].
• The second messengers cAMP and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate have been implicated in olfaction in various species [17].

Biological context of Smell

• Since the norpA gene is also essential to phototransduction, this work demonstrates overlap in the genetic and molecular underpinnings of vision and olfaction [18].
• The evolutionarily conserved expression of biotransformation enzymes in olfactory organs suggests that they play an important role in olfaction [19].
• Together with the observation that members of the olfactory receptor family and an olfactory phosphodiesterase are expressed in spermatids, these findings suggest that a signal transduction system used in olfaction is also used during gamete development [20].
• Concurrent etonitazene and water intake in rats: role of taste, olfaction, and auditory stimuli [21].
• To investigate the effects of cadmium on olfaction, two separate studies were conducted in which male adult rats were exposed to CdO, via inhalation, for 5 h per day, 5 days a week for 20 weeks [22].

Anatomical context of Smell

• Odours in current use for testing olfaction (e.g., peppermint, camphor) cause considerable trigeminal nerve stimulation; this would render them relatively inefficacious in the detection of lesions of the main olfactory pathway [23].
• Taken together, these data demonstrate functional coupling of the dopamine receptors with adenylyl cyclase in both the olfactory bulb and mucosa, and document novel aspects of dopamine's physiological involvement in olfaction and of D2-mediated signal transduction [24].
• These results indicate that reconstituted olfactory projections which terminate in the frontal neocortex or anterior olfactory nucleus do not support olfaction [25].
• Finally, a possible significance of microvillous olfactory epithelial cells and inositol trisphosphate in olfaction will be discussed [26].

Gene context of Smell

• Or83b encodes a broadly expressed odorant receptor essential for Drosophila olfaction [27].
• Using tissue-specific and inducible promoters, we show that additional copies of mbk-1 can impair olfaction cell-autonomously in mature, fully differentiated neurons and that this impairment is reversible [28].
• Odorant-specific requirements for arrestin function in Drosophila olfaction [29].
• The tax-4 and tax-2 genes of Caenorhabditis elegans are essential for normal olfaction, gustation, and thermosensation, suggesting that they have a role in sensory transduction [30].
• The rdgB gene of Drosophila: a link between vision and olfaction [31].

References