Disease relevance of Koolizer 1

• Neutralization of low molecular weight heparin by polybrene prevents thromboxane release and severe pulmonary hypertension in awake sheep [1].
• N,N-dimethylacetamide, hexamethylene bisacetamide, and Polybrene induced rapid and extensive differentiation in vitro in an otherwise slowly differentiating subline of embryonal carcinoma cells [2].
• Eleven (nine CD4+ and two CD8+) protein purified derivative-specific and eight tetanus toxoid-specific T cell clones (TCC), established from the peripheral blood of healthy persons, were cocultured in vitro with irradiated mononuclear cells from patients infected by HIV in the presence of PHA and polybrene [3].
• Female Munich-Wistar rats received hexadimethrine (HDM) i.v. until the onset of proteinuria (PEAK)--a period of not more than 30 min [4].
• Furthermore, 293T/G/GP/LacZ could efficiently transduce human cancer cells regardless of the presence of chemical additives, whereas in other retroviruses, cationic chemical additives such as polybrene or liposomes were essential during virus infection [5].

High impact information on Koolizer 1

• We found that only verapamil and db-cAMP significantly attenuated the permeability effects of polybrene [6].
• Protamine reversal of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and polybrene reversal of unfractionated heparin induced more than a 10-fold increase of plasma thromboxane B2 levels, a threefold increase of pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure, and a 25% decrease of PaO2 [1].
• Both of these activities were readily neutralized by the synthetic polycation Polybrene, which did not appreciably affect protein C activation [7].
• Syncytia formation was enhanced 5- to 20-fold by the presence of Polybrene and inhibited by addition of plasma of ATL patients to the cocultures [8].
• Polybrene, in contrast with protamine, significantly inhibited the expansion of progenitors [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Koolizer 1

• Additionally, our results demonstrate that, in the absence of Polybrene, initial attachments of non-infectious, envelope protein-free VLP and probably mature infectious virus particles are mediated by interactions of the virus particles with cell surface heparan sulfate, and possibly with other GAG molecules [10].
• While studying the mechanism of inhibition, we found that the combined addition of equal-weight concentrations (80 microg/ml) of Polybrene and chondroitin sulfate C to retrovirus stocks resulted in the formation of a high-molecular-weight retrovirus-polymer complex that could be pelleted by low-speed centrifugation [11].
• The polycations hexadimethrine and poly-l-lysine also induced proteinuria [12].
• Within Series A and B, three subgroups of rats were studied: control saline-infused rats, rats made acutely proteinuric by infusion of the polycation hexadimethrine (HDM), and rats with chronic doxorubicin (Adriamycin-Adria) nephrosis [13].
• Also illustrated is the value of PVP and Polybrene in detecting agglutination in the evaluation of "antiglobulin negative" hemolytic anemia [14].

Biological context of Koolizer 1

• Satisfactory frequency of G418-resistant transfectants (0.66%) was achieved using a protocol recently published by Chen and Okayama (Mol. Cell Biol., 7: 2745-2752, 1987), which was found to be superior to the traditional calcium phosphate transfection method and to the polybrene-based method [15].
• Cells transfected with pSV2neo, a plasmid containing the neo gene, served as controls for the procedure of Polybrene-mediated transfection [16].
• Neoplastic transformation of human keratinocytes by polybrene-induced DNA-mediated transfer of an activated oncogene [17].
• Furthermore, the transgene was detected only in the progeny of flow cytometer sorted CD34+ population transduced by the LAPSN (PG13) viral vector in the presence of cationic lipids but not when transduction was facilitated with conventional polycations Polybrene or protamine sulfate [18].
• Two of these assays are based on coagulation tests, i.e., activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time, while the third is based on chemical neutralization of heparin using hexadimethrine bromide [19].

Anatomical context of Koolizer 1

• The membranes are not chemically activated or pretreated with Polybrene before usage [20].
• Polybrene-induced DNA transfection, therefore, offers the opportunity to transfer genes effectively into human epidermal keratinocytes and should accelerate the study of the interaction between oncogenes and human epithelial cells [17].
• Transfection of myeloid cell lines using polybrene/DMSO [21].
• We show here that, in a variety of cell lines, polybrene markedly enhances the efficiency of lipofection under standardized conditions and also compensates the serum-mediated inhibition of lipofection [22].
• Reproducible separation of the protein could be achieved in Polybrene-coated capillaries [23].

Associations of Koolizer 1 with other chemical compounds

• In general, the enzymatically active carboxy-terminal fragment of HF (HFf) was inhibited by the same agents that inhibited HFea, but aprotinin, protamine sulfate and hexadimethrine bromide were more effective against HFf than HFea, while the reverse was true of lima bean trypsin inhibitor [24].
• Activity is not affected by glass contact and is not inhibited by inhibitors of contact or enzymatic activation of Hageman factor (hexadimethrine bromide, 100 mug/ml; cytochrome C, 250 mug/ml; spermidine, 2 mM; phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 1 mM) [25].
• Additionally, it was inhibited by popcorn inhibitor, leupeptin, hexadimethrine bromide, protamine sulfate, dansyl-arginine N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl) amide (DAPA), diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP), aprotinin, and at excessively high concentrations, soybean and lima bean trypsin inhibitors [24].
• The dysregulated tryptase in SOCS1-/- BMMCs is unlikely to be mMCP6 or mMCP7, because the enzyme activity was not inhibited by Polybrene but was inhibited by normal mouse plasma [26].
• Treatment of Ag-pulsed OT-1 CTL with agents that alter cell surface charge, including trypsin, papain, tunicamycin, neuraminidase, and polybrene, allowed Ag-specific TCR capping [27].

Gene context of Koolizer 1

• These results suggest that, in AKR-2B cells, HB-EGF may mediate its mitogenic response at least in part through a receptor which appears to be selective for HB-EGF and permits HB-EGF-mediated mitogenic responses in the presence of hexadimethrine or heparin [28].
• Finally, hexadimethrine inhibited the specific binding and mitogenic activity of bFGF, suggesting that this cationic polymer can function as an antagonist of heparin-binding mitogens other than AR [28].
• Polybrene and interleukin-4: two opposing factors for retroviral transduction of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells [29].
• AML5 cells were cultured overnight with L(Flt3-L)SN retroviral supernatant, 8 micrograms/mL polybrene, and 100 U/mL G-CSF, and expanded 1 week in medium with G-CSF [30].
• For Kc cells, calcium phosphate was ineffective for transfection, and after transfection with polybrene neither pYP1CAT nor pVgCAT was induced by the juvenile hormone (JH) analog methoprene [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Koolizer 1

• Transduction efficiency was optimal when infection included centrifugation of cells with concentrated vector supernatant in the presence of Polybrene [32].
• Of 1068 blood samples referred for evaluation of the haemostatic mechanism 135 contained heparin as judged by the polybrene titration method [33].
• A polybrene capillary coating in capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been used for rapid analysis of hemoglobin variant digests [34].
• In the HDM proteinuric rats of both series, the filtration of all three markers was significantly increased, although the GSCs of the anionic markers continued to exceed that of nIgG [13].
• Most of this anticoagulant activity was recovered from the plasma by Polybrene affinity chromatography and was probably a sulphated glycosaminoglycan [35].

References