Disease relevance of Gitoxim

• Phage were selected by panning against digoxin, gitoxin (16-OH), and 16-acetylgitoxin coupled to bovine serum albumin [1].
• Gitoxigenin and gitoxin were evaluated in the SRB assay using the three human cancer cell lines, showing IC50 values in the 0.13 - 2.8 microM range, with the renal adenocarcinoma cancer cell line (TK-10) being the most sensitive one [2].

High impact information on Gitoxim

• After in vitro perfusion of rabbit isolated liver with an emulsion of perfluorocarbon containing [3H]gitoxin, the radioactivity in the liver and in the bile was the sum of that contained in a volatile fraction (tritiated water due to metabolism of gitoxin) and that contained in a nonvolatile fraction (gitoxin and its metabolites) [3].
• The method detection limits were 0.05 microg/g for oleandrin, 0.1 microg/g for gitoxin, and 0.2 microg/g for the other toxicants in gastrointestinal contents and feces and were 5 times higher in plant material [4].
• A two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic method was developed for the qualitative determination of the cardiotoxins oleandrin, gitoxin, digitoxin, gitoxigenin, and grayanotoxins I, II, and III in gastrointestinal contents (stomach, rumen, colon, and cecum contents), feces, and plant material [4].
• Compared to ouabain and gitoxin, it produces positive inotropic effects on the isolated guinea-pig heart in a wider range of concentrations and causes less pronounced rhythmic disturbances [5].
• The results show that the zein microspheres obtained using ethanol are best suited for use as a sustained-release form of Gitoxin [6].

Biological context of Gitoxim

• A further study of the pharmacokinetics of gitoxin in rabbit isolated liver: clearance of 3H-gitoxin [7].
• Recent studies have demonstrated that the bioavailability of gitoxin could be upraised to 100% provided it be given as a hydroalcoholic solution [8].
• Kinetics and metabolism of 3H-gitoxin were determined in the guinea-pig after the i.v. administration of 80 microgram gitoxin/kg [9].
• Hepatic clearance of gitoxin: pharmacokinetic study on rabbit isolated liver. Influence of protein binding and comparison with digoxin [10].

Anatomical context of Gitoxim

• The data obtained in plasma and in myocardium between 1 and 6 hr after administration of digoxin or gitoxin show that the distribution of the unchanged cardiac glycoside and each chloroform-soluble metabolite, from plasma to myocardium, is achieved 1 hr after administration [11].
• When administered as hydroalcoholic solutions into the stomach or into the duodenum, gitoxin is nearly completely absorbed (94.5%) [12].
• Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity from human erythrocyte membranes and commercial porcine cerebral cortex by in vitro single and simultaneous exposure to digoxin and gitoxin was investigated to elucidate the difference in the mechanism of the enzyme inhibition by structurally different cardiac glycosides [13].

Associations of Gitoxim with other chemical compounds

• The binding of gitoxin, digitoxin and digoxin to human plasma proteins was measured by ultracentrifugation and equilibrium dialysis [14].
• Comparison of lethal doses between intravenous and oral administration of cardiac glycosides in pigeons and cats suggested that gastrointestinal absorption of FGBD and FGTD is inferior to that of digitoxin but superior to that of gitoxigenin bisdigitoxoside and gitoxin [15].
• Rat and guinea-pig hearts were perfused with gitoxin and gitaloxin at various concentrations [16].
• Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated for the liposoluble (dichloromethane soluble) material in the water phase obtained by centrifugation of the emulsion, for the liposoluble material and unchanged gitoxin in the total emulsion [7].
• Using reverse phase silica gel plates (C18 bonded to silica gel), digoxin was separated from digitoxin, gitoxin, and digoxigenin mono-digitoxoside, and partially resolved from digoxigenin bis-digitoxoside [17].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gitoxim

• Both zein film and Gitoxin-loaded zein microsphere film were effective in suppressing platelet adhesion [6].
• Gitoxin given as a solution is quasi-completely absorbed after oral administration in a fasting man [18].

References