Disease relevance of Thiophanate

• Thiophanate administered at 75 mg per kg or 250 mg per kg to groups of growing lambs with low faecal egg counts produced no post treatment depression of weight gain [1].
• Molecular non-genetic biomarkers of effect related to methyl thiophanate cocarcinogenesis: organ- and sex-specific cytochrome P450 induction in the rat [2].
• The toxicity of benomyl, thiophanate-methyl, and BCM to four freshwater organisms [3].
• Study A Feed containing 0.0225% thiophanate was continuously fed almost ad lib. to piglets from birth right up to about 25 kg body weight when ready for fattening [4].

High impact information on Thiophanate

• Flow sorted micronuclei (MN) induced in human lymphocytes by Thiophanate-methyl were analyzed by FISH and the results were compared with results from FISH analysis on MN in binucleated cells [5].
• Flow cytometric analysis of genetic damage, effect on cell cycle progression, and apoptosis by thiophanate-methyl in human lymphocytes [5].
• Moreover, it was found that as a function of the concentration of Thiophanate-methyl, cellular proliferation was delayed and the frequency of apoptotic cells was increased [5].
• It could be shown that most MN induced by Thiophanate-methyl did not reveal any centromeric signal, thus demonstrating clastogenic action of this fungicide [5].
• Analysis of carbendazim, benomyl, thiophanate methyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in fruits and vegetables after supercritical fluid extraction [6].

Biological context of Thiophanate

• In the absence of metabolic activation, methyl thiophanate exerted cytotoxic activity, evidenced through the formation of cell colonies, at low doses (> 10 micrograms/ml) [7].
• Four systemic fungicides and a metabolite: Benomyl, Carbendazim, Thiophanate-methyl, Dexon and dimethyl phenylenediamine were screened in the barley progeny test for cytogenetic activity [8].
• In the acute toxicity study, experimental groups of T. carnifex were exposed to 2.40, 4.80, 9.60 and 19.20 microg/L tap water of thiophanate methyl for 2 days; the LD50 was found to be 9.60 microg/L [9].

Anatomical context of Thiophanate

• Cytotoxic and cell-transforming activities of methyl thiophanate a systemic fungicide capable of entering plant cells and thus controlling fungal diseases that have already started were studied in an in vitro medium-term (6-8 weeks) experimental model utilizing BALB/c 3T3 cells [7].
• The newt Triturus carnifex as a model for monitoring the ecotoxic impact of the fungicide thiophanate methyl: adverse effects on the adrenal gland [9].

Associations of Thiophanate with other chemical compounds

• Methyl thiophanate significantly induced micronuclei, but it was less effective than benomyl and MBC [10].
• Treatment of Dicrocoelium dendriticum with a combination of thiophanate and brotianide [11].
• In a trial with natural infections of trichostrongyles in sheep, thiophanate and thiabendazole at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bodyweight were highly effective in removing all stages of development of the helminths including the inhibited stages [12].
• Dose response lines for eight benzimidazole anthelmintics and thiophanate were determined, using standardised strains of thiabendazole selected and resistant Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis [13].
• Multiple resistance to albendazole, thiophanate, levamisole and orally administered invermectin was detected in an isolate of Haemonchus contortus in sheep on a farm where benzimidazole resistance had already been identified [14].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Thiophanate

• Determination of thiophanate-methyl and its metabolites at trace level in spiked natural water using the supported liquid membrane extraction and the microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction techniques combined on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography [15].
• In particular, a combined approach of flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a pancentromeric alpha-satellite probe was used to evaluate the mechanism of micronucleus induction by Thiophanate-methyl [5].

References