Disease relevance of PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

• Bacteriophage phi X174 and M13 mp9 single-stranded DNA molecules were primed either with restriction fragments or synthetic primers and irradiated with near UV light in the presence of promazine derivatives [1].
• In contrast, it would seem that promazine-induced phototoxicity may result in part from the generation of superoxide (O2-.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[2]
• Sleep without sleep deprivation was induced by oral administration of 2 mg/kg body weight Protactyl (promazine hydrochloride) [3].
• Photosensitization of SV 40 DNA mediated by promazine derivatives and 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen. Inhibition of the in vitro transcription [4].
• In vitro transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase was carried out on SV40 DNA photoreacted with various promazine derivatives [4].

High impact information on PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

• The quantitative effectiveness of promazine is of interest with respect to the structural models of the phenothiazines and the dopamine theory of schizophrenia [5].
• A theoretical study was performed of the interaction of four phenothiazine derivatives, promethazine, promazine, trifluopromazine, and trifluoperazine, with a fragment (82-93) of calmodulin, held in the alpha-helical conformation [6].
• With the five derivatives tested (promazine [PZ], chlorpromazine [CPZ], triflupromazine [ TFPZ ], methoxypromazine [ MTPZ ], and acepromazine [ ACPZ ] ), single-hit kinetics are observed [7].
• As a stimulator of homovanilic acid (HVA) synthesis in rat corpus striatum in vivo, it was about one-tenth as active as promazine [8].
• By thin-layer chromatography, CPZ-sulfoxide and promazine were identified as photoproducts of CPZ; the sulfoxide was fairly stable to radiation [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

• Chlorpromazine, trimeprazine and promazine showed excellent linearity between the SID response and the drug amount in the range 0.25-3.0 pmol on-column [10].
• In this study, we examined poisoning deaths involving amitriptyline, propoxyphene and promazine, which are, after benzodiazepines, the most frequently occurring drugs in Finnish alcohol-related poisonings [11].
• To allow structure-based design of drugs directed at SARS-CoV main proteinase, we predicted its binding pockets and affinities with existing HIV, psychotic and parasite drugs (lopinavir, ritonavir, niclosamide and promazine), which show signs of inhibiting the replication of SARS-CoV [12].
• In vivo toxicity and pulmonary effects of promazine and chlorpromazine in rats [13].
• Induction of neuroleptanalgesia in 6 calves by i/v administration of a combination of meperidine (/ 12 mg/kg body weight) and promazine (/ 3 mg/kg body weight) elicited various haemodynamic responses [14].

Biological context of PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

• The presence of a chlorine atom in the side ring of either imipramine or promazine results in a three-fold increase in both IC50 and LD50 values [15].
• Pharmacokinetics of promazine in patients with hepatic cirrhosis--correlation with a novel galactose single point method [16].
• Intercalating dyes (acridine orange, proflavin and methylene blue) and drugs (chlorpromazine, promazine and chlorprothixene) were tested for their ability to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) with and without photoactivation by visible light [17].
• In support of the hypothesis, significant appetite stimulation occurred only with promazine, while the other two test agents did not increase feeding, and even produced some suppression in food intake [18].
• None of the promazine pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly different during and after the acute phase; these parameters included clearance, free drug clearance, metabolic clearance, volume of distribution, distribution and elimination half-life values, plasma protein binding, and per cent excreted in the urine [19].

Anatomical context of PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

• Rabbit erythrocyte membrane interaction with promazine and calcium [20].
• The increase of neurotensin-IR material of nucleus accumbens was elicited also by chloropromazine (6 mg/kg), trifluoroperazine (2 mg/kg) and pimozide (1.5 mg/kg) while promazine (10 mg/kg) and promethazine (25 mg/kg) were ineffective [21].
• 6. In a primary culture of human hepatocytes, TCDD (a CYP1A subfamily inducer), as well as rifampicin (mainly a CYP3A4 inducer) induced the formation of promazine 5-sulphoxide and N-desmethylpromazine [22].
• The aim of the present study was to determine optimum conditions for studying promazine and perazine metabolism in rat liver microsomes, and to investigate the influence of specific cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on 5-sulfoxidation and N-demethylation of these neuroleptics [23].
• In conclusion, all the three SSRIs administered chronically in pharmacological doses, increase the concentrations of promazine in the blood plasma and brain of rats by inhibiting different metabolic pathways of the neuroleptic [24].

Associations of PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE with other chemical compounds

• This paper presents a study comparing the effects on the mother and baby of a continuous intravenous infusion of pethidine and diazepam and of intramuscular pethidine and promazine [25].
• The kinetics of the outer-sphere electron-transfer reaction between promazine (dimethyl-(3-phenothiazin-10-yl-propyl)-amine) and hexaaquairon(III) was studied using a high-pressure stopped-flow technique [26].
• The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible impact of the three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline on the pharmacokinetics of promazine in a steady state in rats [24].
• In contrast to promazine and perazine, CYP2C19 insignificantly contributes to the N-demethylation of thioridazine [27].
• Parturients and midwives both gave high consumer satisfaction ratings to all methods--except for pethidine + promazine, whose use must therefore be questioned [28].

Gene context of PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

• Of the other isoforms studied, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 contribute to a lesser degree to promazine 5-sulphoxidation and N-demethylation, respectively [22].
• Moreover, the observed reaction-dependent effects of promazine and sertindole provide indirect evidence that CYP1A2 is not the only isoenzyme important for the metabolism of caffeine, which requires further pharmacological and clinical consideration [29].
• In this study the in vivo and in vitro effects of the clinically important phenothiazines promazine (PZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) on drug oxidations catalysed by specific cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes were investigated in the rat [30].
• 1. The aim of the present study was to identify human cytochrome p-450 isoforms (CYPs) involved in 5-sulphoxidation and N-demethylation of the simplest phenothiazine neuroleptic promazine in human liver [22].
• Inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 2B1 in rat liver by promazine and chlorpromazine [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

• Similarly to promazine treatment, apomorphine worsened the EEG recordings of some patients [31].
• The EEG changes induced by apomorphine administration in comparison to those elicited by promazine or placebo were evaluated in a double blind cross-over study [31].
• Analysis of promazine in pharmaceutical preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography [32].
• A method for the spectrophotometric determination of promazine by flow injection analysis is reported [33].
• These measurements were then compared with those of 10 control bulls, matched for age and breed and having no history of impotence; the latter measurements were likewise obtained under general anesthesia, pudendal nerve block or sedation. with propionyl promazine [34].

References