Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)

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Chemical Compound Review:

AC1NS4EW (6E,9E,12E)-octadeca-6,9,12- trienoic acid

Synonyms: 506-26-3, 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid

Beck, S.A. et al., McCarty, M.F., Menendez, J.A. et al., Thies, F. et al., Grajeta, H. et al.

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Disease relevance of gamma-Linolenic acid

The effect of GLA on both host body weight loss and tumor growth was much less pronounced than that of EPA, with an effect only being seen at a dose of 5 g/kg, at which some toxicity was observed [1].
The effect of the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) on host body weight loss and tumor growth has been investigated in mice bearing a cachexia-inducing colon adenocarcinoma, the MAC16 [1].
Measurement of cell viability by MTT assay indicated a significant cellular toxicity after ALA and GLA exposures [2].

High impact information on gamma-Linolenic acid

In vitro studies showed that while EPA was effective in inhibiting tumor-induced lipolysis, GLA was ineffective in this respect [1].
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with oil blends rich in ALA, GLA, arachidonic acid (AA), DHA, or EPA plus DHA (fish oil) on the NK cell activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells [3].
We investigated whether the FAS inhibitory effect of GLA and omega-3 PUFAs correlated with a cytotoxic effect related to a peroxidative mechanism [2].
Since fish oil and gamma linolenic acid (GLA) suppress IL-1 production by stimulated monocytes, they conceivably could exert this effect in the brain as well; the comparatively low prevalence of AD in elderly Japanese is intriguing in this regard [4].
These considerations suggest that a healthy cerebrovascular endothelium, sex hormone activity, and dietary fish oil/GLA may slow or prevent AD onset by dampening acute-phase mechanisms in the brain [4].

Anatomical context of gamma-Linolenic acid

Intake of Oe. paradoxa oil resulted in increase of levels of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and linoleic acid (LA) in blood serum and liver of experimental animals [5].

Associations of gamma-Linolenic acid with other chemical compounds

Of the omega-6 fatty acids tested, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was the most effective dose-dependent inhibitor of FAS activity, with a greater than 75% FAS activity reduction [2].

References

Anticachectic and antitumor effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and its effect on protein turnover. Beck, S.A., Smith, K.L., Tisdale, M.J. Cancer Res. (1991) [Pubmed]
Overexpression and hyperactivity of breast cancer-associated fatty acid synthase (oncogenic antigen-519) is insensitive to normal arachidonic fatty acid-induced suppression in lipogenic tissues but it is selectively inhibited by tumoricidal alpha-linolenic and gamma-linolenic fatty acids: a novel mechanism by which dietary fat can alter mammary tumorigenesis. Menendez, J.A., Ropero, S., Mehmi, I., Atlas, E., Colomer, R., Lupu, R. Int. J. Oncol. (2004) [Pubmed]
Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 y. Thies, F., Nebe-von-Caron, G., Powell, J.R., Yaqoob, P., Newsholme, E.A., Calder, P.C. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2001) [Pubmed]
Vascular nitric oxide, sex hormone replacement, and fish oil may help to prevent Alzheimer's disease by suppressing synthesis of acute-phase cytokines. McCarty, M.F. Med. Hypotheses (1999) [Pubmed]
Effect of high-fat cholesterol enriched diets on hypolipemic action of Oenothera paradoxa oil in rats. Part 2. Blood serum and liver fatty acids. Grajeta, H., Biernat, J. Die Nahrung. (1997) [Pubmed]

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