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Chemical Compound Review:

Musk xylene 1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitro- 5-tert-butyl...

Synonyms: Xylene musk, CHEMBL228513, CCRIS 2391, Musk xylol, HSDB 7692, ...

Api, A.M. et al., Lehman-McKeeman, L.D. et al., Hood, H.L. et al., Lehman-McKeeman, L.D. et al., Mersch-Sundermann, V. et al., et al.

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Disease relevance of Musk xylene

Musk xylene treatment increased liver weight by 40%, caused hepatocellular hypertrophy and increased total cytochrome P-450 2-fold over control [1].
Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity of musk xylol in B6C3F1 mice [2].
Musk xylene (CAS no. 81-15-2), a synthetic musk fragrance ingredient, was evaluated in a battery of short-term genotoxicity tests that included the mouse lymphoma assay, an in vitro cytogenetics assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay in primary rat hepatocytes and an in vivo UDS assay [3].

High impact information on Musk xylene

Musk xylene: analysis, occurrence, kinetics, and toxicology [4].
In the present study, musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) were examined for their potency to induce toxifying enzymes in the liver of Sprague-Dawley rats, using an in vivo/in vitro model [5].
Musk xylene induces and inhibits mouse hepatic cytochrome P-450 2B enzymes [1].
Musk xylene increased both total cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 contents in rat liver microsomes [6].
Determination of musk ambrette, musk xylol, and musk ketone in fragrance products by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection [7].

Biological context of Musk xylene

In vitro percutaneous absorption of the fragrance ingredient musk xylol [8].

Associations of Musk xylene with other chemical compounds

After 24 hr, total absorption of musk xylol in hairless guinea pig skin was 55% from the emulsion vehicle and 45% from the methanol vehicle [8].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Musk xylene

Musk xylene (MX) (1,3,5-trinitro-2-t-butylxylene) is a nitromusk perfume ingredient that although uniformly negative in a battery of genotoxicity tests, produces a high incidence of liver tumors in mice [9].
1. Musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) is used as a fragrance component in toiletries, detergents and skin care products [10].
Musk xylene (MX; 1,3,5-trinitro-2-t-butylxylene), another nitromusk, is not genotoxic but has been reported to produce mouse liver tumors in a chronic bioassay [11].

References

Musk xylene induces and inhibits mouse hepatic cytochrome P-450 2B enzymes. Lehman-McKeeman, L.D., Caudill, D., Young, J.A., Dierckman, T.A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) [Pubmed]
Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity of musk xylol in B6C3F1 mice. Maekawa, A., Matsushima, Y., Onodera, H., Shibutani, M., Ogasawara, H., Kodama, Y., Kurokawa, Y., Hayashi, Y. Food Chem. Toxicol. (1990) [Pubmed]
An evaluation of musk xylene in a battery of genotoxicity tests. Api, A.M., Ford, R.A., San, R.H. Food Chem. Toxicol. (1995) [Pubmed]
Musk xylene: analysis, occurrence, kinetics, and toxicology. Käfferlein, H.U., Göen, T., Angerer, J. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. (1998) [Pubmed]
Nitro musks are cogenotoxicants by inducing toxifying enzymes in the rat. Mersch-Sundermann, V., Emig, M., Reinhardt, A. Mutat. Res. (1996) [Pubmed]
Musk xylene is a novel specific inducer of cytochrome P-450IA2. Iwata, N., Minegishi, K., Suzuki, K., Ohno, Y., Kawanishi, T., Takahashi, A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1992) [Pubmed]
Determination of musk ambrette, musk xylol, and musk ketone in fragrance products by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Wisneski, H.H. Journal of AOAC International. (2001) [Pubmed]
In vitro percutaneous absorption of the fragrance ingredient musk xylol. Hood, H.L., Wickett, R.R., Bronaugh, R.L. Food Chem. Toxicol. (1996) [Pubmed]
Induction and inhibition of mouse cytochrome P-450 2B enzymes by musk xylene. Lehman-McKeeman, L.D., Johnson, D.R., Caudill, D. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1997) [Pubmed]
Haemoglobin binding of a musk xylene metabolite in man. Riedel, J., Birner, G., van Dorp, C., Neumann, H.G., Dekant, W. Xenobiotica (1999) [Pubmed]
Characterization of the effects of musk ketone on mouse hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Stuard, S.B., Caudill, D., Lehman-McKeeman, L.D. Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology. (1997) [Pubmed]

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