Disease relevance of Guluronic acid

• P. syringae and the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce the exopolysaccharide alginate, a copolymer of mannuronic and guluronic acid [1].
• Urea denatured lipase from Chromobacterium viscosum lipase could be refolded by addition of alginate with high guluronic acid content [2].

High impact information on Guluronic acid

• Identification of a biocompatible immunoprotective membrane to prevent graft rejection remained elusive until the development of microcapsules formulated in alginate high in guluronic acid [3].
• (1)H-NMR analysis of alginate isolated from these complemented mutants showed that the degree of acetylation increased from 4.7 to 9.3% and the guluronic acid content was reduced from 38 to 19% [4].
• The polymer is composed of the two sugar monomers mannuronic acid and guluronic acid (G), and in all these bacteria the genes encoding 12 of the proteins essential for synthesis of the polymer are clustered in the genome [5].
• A strain expressing both an epimerase-defective (point mutation) and a wild-type epimerase was constructed and shown to produce two types of alginate molecules: one class being pure mannuronan and the other having the wild-type content of guluronic acid residues [6].
• Two of the alginates used had a high guluronic acid content (73% in guluronic acid residues) with varying molecular weight, while the other two had a high mannuronic acid content (68% in mannuronic acid residues) with varying molecular weight [7].

Biological context of Guluronic acid

• On isolation, hydrolysis and chromatography, both these polysaccharides were observed to be composed of carbohydrate monomers having the same chromatographic mobilities as glucose, rhamnos, guluronic acid and mannuronic acid [8].
• In order to optimise the hepatocyte cell culture, we investigated the relationship between alginate beads properties, at high and low content of guluronic acid (G), and the relative cell viability and reorganization when perfused in a bioreactor [9].

Anatomical context of Guluronic acid

• Development of mechanically stable alginate/chondrocyte constructs: effects of guluronic acid content and matrix synthesis [10].
• FT-IR spectra of polylysine/alginate membranes made with alginate containing various contents of mannuronic or guluronic acid residues have been recorded [11].

Associations of Guluronic acid with other chemical compounds

• The effect of three variables on porosity was evaluated: (1) alginate solution concentration (2) the concentration of CaCl2 in the coagulation medium and (3) the ratio of guluronic acid to manuronic acid of the alginate [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Guluronic acid

• With this insight, we formulated mechanically stable microcapsules by using alginate high in guluronic acid content and report prolonged reversal of diabetes in the spontaneous diabetic dog model by the intraperitoneal injection of encapsulated canine islet allografts [13].
• We conclude that alginates with a high guluronic acid content and a viscosity near the filtration limit are preferable in order to minimize the number of inadequate capsules [14].
• Biocompatibility of microbeads was independent of mannuronic/guluronic acid ratio and molar mass of the alginate [15].

References