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Gene Review:

patS - heterocyst-inhibiting signaling peptide

Nostoc sp. PCC 7120

This record was discontinued.

Borthakur, P.B. et al., Yoon, H.S. et al., Khudyakov, I.Y. et al., Huang, X. et al., Liu, D. et al., et al.

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Disease relevance of patS

Summary In the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 patS and hetN suppress the differentiation of vegetative cells into nitrogen-fixing heterocysts to establish and maintain a pattern of single heterocysts separated by approximately 10 undifferentiated vegetative cells [1].

High impact information on patS

Overexpression of a 54-base-pair gene, patS, blocked heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 [2].
Analysis of the S2-45 mutant revealed a R223W mutation in HetR, and reconstruction in the wild-type background showed that this mutation was responsible for the Mch phenotype and resistance not only to overexpressed patS, but also to overexpressed hetN, another negative regulator of differentiation [3].
HetR binds the promoter regions of hetR, hepA, and patS, suggesting a direct control of the expression of these genes by HetR [4].
We present evidence that shows that the up-regulation of patS and hetR depends on DNA binding by HetR dimer [4].
A functional patS gene was necessary for the delayed multiple-contiguous-heterocyst phenotype observed in hetN mutants as well as for the relative lack of intercalary heterocysts in patA mutants [5].

Chemical compound and disease context of patS

Extracopy hetL allowed heterocyst formation in a patS overexpression strain. hetL overexpression from a heterologous promoter in wild-type Anabaena PCC 7120 induced multiple-contiguous heterocysts (Mch) in nitrate-containing medium [6].

Biological context of patS

Increased transcription of patS during development coincided with expression from a new transcription start site [7].
In addition to patS and hetN, open reading frame (ORF) all3290 and an unannotated ORF, orf77, encode an RGSGR motif [8].

Associations of patS with chemical compounds

In vegetative cells grown on nitrate, the 5' end of a transcript for patS was localized 314 bases upstream from the first translation initiation codon [7].

Regulatory relationships of patS

A patS-gfp reporter strain revealed clusters of patS-expressing cells during the early stage of heterocyst differentiation [7].

Other interactions of patS

Although differentiation proceeds unchecked in the absence of patS and hetN expression, differentiation is asynchronous and non-random [1].
The 489-bp hetY gene (alr2300), which is adjacent to patS (asl2301), encodes a protein that belongs to a conserved family of bacterial hypothetical proteins that contain an ATP-binding motif [9].

References

Inactivation of patS and hetN causes lethal levels of heterocyst differentiation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Borthakur, P.B., Orozco, C.C., Young-Robbins, S.S., Haselkorn, R., Callahan, S.M. Mol. Microbiol. (2005) [Pubmed]
Heterocyst pattern formation controlled by a diffusible peptide. Yoon, H.S., Golden, J.W. Science (1998) [Pubmed]
Different functions of HetR, a master regulator of heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, can be separated by mutation. Khudyakov, I.Y., Golden, J.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
HetR homodimer is a DNA-binding protein required for heterocyst differentiation, and the DNA-binding activity is inhibited by PatS. Huang, X., Dong, Y., Zhao, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
Epistasis analysis of four genes from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 suggests a connection between PatA and PatS in heterocyst pattern formation. Orozco, C.C., Risser, D.D., Callahan, S.M. J. Bacteriol. (2006) [Pubmed]
hetL overexpression stimulates heterocyst formation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Liu, D., Golden, J.W. J. Bacteriol. (2002) [Pubmed]
PatS and products of nitrogen fixation control heterocyst pattern. Yoon, H.S., Golden, J.W. J. Bacteriol. (2001) [Pubmed]
patS minigenes inhibit heterocyst development of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Wu, X., Liu, D., Lee, M.H., Golden, J.W. J. Bacteriol. (2004) [Pubmed]
Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 hetY gene influences heterocyst development. Yoon, H.S., Lee, M.H., Xiong, J., Golden, J.W. J. Bacteriol. (2003) [Pubmed]

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