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Gene Review

soc  -  small outer capsid head accessory protein,...

Enterobacteria phage T4

 
 
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Disease relevance of soc

  • Gene 69 is bracketed by the non-essential early gene dam (DNA adenine methylase) and the late gene soc (small outer capsid protein) [1].
  • Complete primary structure of the small outer capsid (soc) protein of bacteriophage T4 [2].
  • In contrast, T4 phage soc mRNA that had been unstable before infection became stabilized after infection [3].
  • In the other, a positive selection vector forces integration of the modified soc gene into a soc-deleted T4 genome, leading to in vivo binding of the display protein to progeny virions [4].
  • Subsequently, a plasmid encoding the target protein upstream of soc was constructed and used to transform E. coli B(E) cells [5].
 

High impact information on soc

  • Hexamers of the major capsid protein gene product (gp)23* and pentamers of the vertex protein gp24*, as well as the outer surface proteins highly antigenic outer capsid protein (hoc) and small outer capsid protein (soc), are clearly evident in the reconstruction [6].
  • We show that the shell of these preheads has the expanded lattice characteristic of the mature capsid as well as the binding sites for the proteins hoc and soc, even though none of the maturation cleavage takes place [7].
  • We previously found that, when two consecutive ochre codons were placed in the open reading frame of T4 soc, RNase LS cleaved soc mRNA at a specific site downstream of the ochre codons [8].
  • We found several cleavages introduced into soc RNA specifically when the dmd gene was mutated; some of them could be linked to polypeptide chain elongation and termination, suggesting the correlation with ribosomal action, and the others were independent of translation [9].
  • To investigate the mechanism of such mRNA degradation, we analyzed the late gene soc transcripts [9].
 

Biological context of soc

  • We have sequenced and analyzed the expression of an early region of the bacteriophage T4 genome that surprisingly contains a late gene, soc. soc is oriented in the same direction as early genes, like the T4 lysozyme gene [10].
  • Gene mrh is cotranscribed with several other, yet unidentified genes, both from an early promoter downstream from the late soc gene (encoding the small outer capsid protein) and from the late soc promoter further upstream.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[11]
  • The binding sites and shape of the hoc and soc proteins have been established by analysis of the soc(-) and hoc(-)soc(-) T4 structures [6].
  • In the present study, by introducing plasmids carrying various soc alleles, we could detect cleavages of soc RNA in uninfected cells identical to those found in dmd mutant-infected cells [12].
  • The T4 phage capsid accessory protein genes soc and hoc have recently been developed for display of peptides and protein domains at high copy number (Ren et al., 1996. Protein Science 5, 1833-1843; Ren et al., 1997. Gene 195, 303-311) [13].
 

Other interactions of soc

  • Cloning and sequencing as well as the length distribution of amplified DNA fragments revealed no adenines at the 3'-ends of uvsY and soc RNAs [14].

References

  1. Regulation of a new bacteriophage T4 gene, 69, that spans an origin of DNA replication. Macdonald, P.M., Mosig, G. EMBO J. (1984) [Pubmed]
  2. Complete primary structure of the small outer capsid (soc) protein of bacteriophage T4. Bijlenga, R.K., Ishii, T., Tsugita, A. J. Mol. Biol. (1978) [Pubmed]
  3. Phage-induced change in the stability of mRNAs. Ueno, H., Yonesaki, T. Virology (2004) [Pubmed]
  4. Phage display of intact domains at high copy number: a system based on SOC, the small outer capsid protein of bacteriophage T4. Ren, Z.J., Lewis, G.K., Wingfield, P.T., Locke, E.G., Steven, A.C., Black, L.W. Protein Sci. (1996) [Pubmed]
  5. Quick selection of a chimeric T2 phage that displays active enzyme on the viral capsid. Tanji, Y., Murofushi, K., Miyanaga, K. Biotechnol. Prog. (2005) [Pubmed]
  6. Molecular architecture of the prolate head of bacteriophage T4. Fokine, A., Chipman, P.R., Leiman, P.G., Mesyanzhinov, V.V., Rao, V.B., Rossmann, M.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
  7. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage T4 mutant preheads. Onorato, L., Stirmer, B., Showe, M.K. J. Virol. (1978) [Pubmed]
  8. RNA cleavage linked with ribosomal action. Yamanishi, H., Yonesaki, T. Genetics (2005) [Pubmed]
  9. Multiple mechanisms for degradation of bacteriophage T4 soc mRNA. Kai, T., Yonesaki, T. Genetics (2002) [Pubmed]
  10. Regulation of a bacteriophage T4 late gene, soc, which maps in an early region. Macdonald, P.M., Kutter, E., Mosig, G. Genetics (1984) [Pubmed]
  11. The bacteriophage T4 gene mrh whose product inhibits late T4 gene expression in an Escherichia coli rpoH (sigma 32) mutant. Frazier, M.W., Mosig, G. Gene (1990) [Pubmed]
  12. Escherichia coli endoribonucleases involved in cleavage of bacteriophage T4 mRNAs. Otsuka, Y., Ueno, H., Yonesaki, T. J. Bacteriol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  13. Phage T4 SOC and HOC display of biologically active, full-length proteins on the viral capsid. Ren, Z., Black, L.W. Gene (1998) [Pubmed]
  14. Scarce adenylation in bacteriophage T4 mRNAs. Yonesaki, T. Genes Genet. Syst. (2002) [Pubmed]
 
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