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Gene Review

Pax6  -  paired box 6

Rattus norvegicus

Synonyms: Oculorhombin, Paired box protein Pax-6, Pax-6, Sey
 
 
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Disease relevance of Pax6

  • Activation of Pax4 resulted in the expression of the late-stage transcription factors, including Pax6, Isl-1, and MafA, and generated a gene expression profile for WB-1A cells similar to that of functional rat insulinoma INS-1 cells [1].
 

High impact information on Pax6

  • Moreover, electroporation of Pax6 into the Pax6 mutant hindbrain rescued the development of Islet2-positive and En1-positive neurones [2].
  • Pax6 is a HD protein that has previously been shown to be involved in the differentiation of the hindbrain somatic (SM) motoneurones and V1 interneurones in the hindbrain and/or spinal cord [2].
  • To know reasons for perturbed progenitor domain formation in Pax6 mutant, we examined expression patterns of Shh signalling molecules and states of cell death and cell proliferation [2].
  • Cell-autonomous control of cytoskeletal dynamics by Pax6 is independent of the ROCK-mediated Rho small GTPase pathway [3].
  • In culture, mutant cells sprout multiple neurites with enlarged growth cones, suggesting that the absence of Pax6 function perturbs cytoskeletal organization [3].
 

Biological context of Pax6

  • In vitro, photoreceptor progenitors also showed a switch from Pax6 to Crx expression immediately after they exited the cell cycle and started differentiation [4].
  • From BrdU labeling for 3 days, we found that cell proliferation was 30% decreased at postnatal stages in Pax6-deficient rSey2/+ rat [5].
  • Moreover, approximately 60% of Pax6+ cells in the SGZ exhibited as GFAP+ cells with a radial glial phenotype and about 30% of Pax6+ cells exhibited as PSA-NCAM+ cells in clusters [5].
  • These results strongly suggest that Pax6 controls Lewis x expression in the embryonic brain by regulating FucT-IX gene expression [6].
  • Expression of Pax6 is specifically observed in the developing cerebral cortex, where Lewis x epitope that is thought to play important roles in cell interactions is colocalized [6].
 

Anatomical context of Pax6

  • Pax6 regulates specification of ventral neurone subtypes in the hindbrain by establishing progenitor domains [2].
  • CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that Pax6 and Crx expression are mutually exclusive during photoreceptor differentiation [4].
  • Pax6 is required for production and maintenance of progenitor cells in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis [5].
  • GF-activated CB epithelial cells co-express the retinal progenitor homeodomain transcription factors Pax6 and Chx10 [7].
  • Pax6 controls the expression of Lewis x epitope in the embryonic forebrain by regulating alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IX expression [6].
 

Associations of Pax6 with chemical compounds

  • Mutation of the Pax6 gene causes impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion [8].
 

Regulatory relationships of Pax6

  • RESULTS: Pax6 expression occurred in all proliferating retinal neuroblasts in vivo; however, after their last mitotic division, photoreceptors stopped expressing Pax6 and started expressing Crx [4].
  • Novel target sequences for Pax-6 in the brain-specific activating regions of the rat aldolase C gene [9].
  • By examining the mechanism of differentiation in BYK cells, we found that another transcription factor, islet factor 1 (Isl-1) was newly expressed with the disappearance of Pax-6 expression in those cells after exposure to betacellulin [10].
 

Other interactions of Pax6

  • This result suggests that the brain-specific aldolase C gene could constitute a new target for the transcription factor Pax-6, which is implicated increasingly in neurogenesis [9].
  • We observed a reduced or absent expression of Shh and Otx2 in their ventral domain associated with extended ventral expression of Pax6 [11].
  • Dividing Pax6- and Olig2-positive neural progenitor cells continually gave rise to doublecortin-positive new neurons in this region [12].
  • Adult and embryonic progenitors commonly expressed various homeodomain-type (Pax6, Pax7, Nkx2.2, and Prox1) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-type (Ngn2, Mash1, NeuroD1, and Olig2) transcriptional regulatory factors in vitro [13].
  • In rat fetuses, neurons generated in the lower rhombic lip on embryonic day 14 (E14) specifically express the transcription factor Pax-6 and migrate circumferentially in the subpial region along axons which are immunoreactive for TAG-1, a neural cell adhesion molecule [14].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pax6

  • Some of these alterations are cell-autonomous and rescuable by ectopic expression of Pax6 but not by co-culture with wild-type EGL cells [3].
  • Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis, binding competition with consensus oligonucleotides, and antibody supershift assays led to its identification as the homeodomain paired protein Pax-6 [9].
  • To examine the putative role of Pax 6 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we have studied the proliferative activity, distribution, and phenotype of Pax 6-expressing cells by using immunohistochemistry [15].

References

  1. Role of Pax4 in Pdx1-VP16-mediated liver-to-endocrine pancreas transdifferentiation. Tang, D.Q., Cao, L.Z., Chou, W., Shun, L., Farag, C., Atkinson, M.A., Li, S.W., Chang, L.J., Yang, L.J. Lab. Invest. (2006) [Pubmed]
  2. Pax6 regulates specification of ventral neurone subtypes in the hindbrain by establishing progenitor domains. Takahashi, M., Osumi, N. Development (2002) [Pubmed]
  3. Pax6 regulates granule cell polarization during parallel fiber formation in the developing cerebellum. Yamasaki, T., Kawaji, K., Ono, K., Bito, H., Hirano, T., Osumi, N., Kengaku, M. Development (2001) [Pubmed]
  4. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes photoreceptor differentiation without altering Crx expression. Garelli, A., Rotstein, N.P., Politi, L.E. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2006) [Pubmed]
  5. Pax6 is required for production and maintenance of progenitor cells in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. Maekawa, M., Takashima, N., Arai, Y., Nomura, T., Inokuchi, K., Yuasa, S., Osumi, N. Genes Cells (2005) [Pubmed]
  6. Pax6 controls the expression of Lewis x epitope in the embryonic forebrain by regulating alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase IX expression. Shimoda, Y., Tajima, Y., Osanai, T., Katsume, A., Kohara, M., Kudo, T., Narimatsu, H., Takashima, N., Ishii, Y., Nakamura, S., Osumi, N., Sanai, Y. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) [Pubmed]
  7. In vivo reactivation of a quiescent cell population located in the ocular ciliary body of adult mammals. Abdouh, M., Bernier, G. Exp. Eye Res. (2006) [Pubmed]
  8. Mutation of the Pax6 gene causes impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Kuroda, A., Kaneto, H., Fujitani, Y., Watada, H., Nakatani, Y., Kajimoto, Y., Matsuhisa, M., Yamasakai, Y., Fujiwara, M. Diabetologia (2004) [Pubmed]
  9. Novel target sequences for Pax-6 in the brain-specific activating regions of the rat aldolase C gene. Skala-Rubinson, H., Vinh, J., Labas, V., Kahn, A., Phan, D.T. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) [Pubmed]
  10. Combined expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 and islet factor 1 induces immature enterocytes to produce insulin. Kojima, H., Nakamura, T., Fujita, Y., Kishi, A., Fujimiya, M., Yamada, S., Kudo, M., Nishio, Y., Maegawa, H., Haneda, M., Yasuda, H., Kojima, I., Seno, M., Wong, N.C., Kikkawa, R., Kashiwagi, A. Diabetes (2002) [Pubmed]
  11. Absence of ventral cell populations in the developing brain in a rat model of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Gofflot, F., Kolf-Clauw, M., Clotman, F., Roux, C., Picard, J.J. Am. J. Med. Genet. (1999) [Pubmed]
  12. Evidence for neurogenesis within the white matter beneath the temporal neocortex of the adult rat brain. Takemura, N.U. Neuroscience (2005) [Pubmed]
  13. Transcription factor expression and Notch-dependent regulation of neural progenitors in the adult rat spinal cord. Yamamoto, S., Nagao, M., Sugimori, M., Kosako, H., Nakatomi, H., Yamamoto, N., Takebayashi, H., Nabeshima, Y., Kitamura, T., Weinmaster, G., Nakamura, K., Nakafuku, M. J. Neurosci. (2001) [Pubmed]
  14. Subpial neuronal migration in the medulla oblongata of Pax-6-deficient rats. Horie, M., Sango, K., Takeuchi, K., Honma, S., Osumi, N., Kawamura, K., Kawano, H. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2003) [Pubmed]
  15. Expression of the transcription factor Pax 6 in the adult rat dentate gyrus. Nacher, J., Varea, E., Blasco-Ibañez, J.M., Castillo-Gomez, E., Crespo, C., Martinez-Guijarro, F.J., McEwen, B.S. J. Neurosci. Res. (2005) [Pubmed]
 
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