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Gene Review: 

Asgr2  -  asialoglycoprotein receptor 2

Rattus norvegicus

Synonyms: ASGP-R 2, ASGPR 2, Asgr-2, Asialoglycoprotein receptor 2, HL-2, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of Asgr2

  • We examined this question in rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells (which lack endogenous ASGP-R) that were co-transfected with cDNAs for both RHL 1 and RHL 2/3 [1].
 

High impact information on Asgr2

  • Messenger RNA encoding the minor component (RHL-2/3) was detected in total RNA extracted from rat ileum [2].
  • In immunoblotting experiments, rat testis galactosyl receptor (RTG-r) is recognized by antiserum raised against the minor ASGP-r species of rat liver (designated rat hepatic lectin-2/3, RHL-2/3) [3].
  • Indirect immunofluorescent studies show RHL-2/3-like immunoreactivity on the surface of Sertoli cell, meiotic prophase spermatocytes, spermatids, and epididymal sperm [3].
  • In this paper we describe the isolation of cDNA clones encoding RHL1 and RHL2 from a cDNA library constructed from rat liver mRNA [4].
  • Amino acid sequence of radioactive peptides revealed that Cys35 in RHL1 and Cys54 in RHL2 and RHL3 were radiolabeled and, therefore, are fatty acylation sites [5].
 

Biological context of Asgr2

 

Anatomical context of Asgr2

  • Antisera specific for RHL-1 and RHL-2/3 have been prepared and utilized to analyze the results of cross-linking experiments performed on purified receptor and hepatocyte membranes [10].
  • When isolated hepatocytes were radiolabeled metabolically with [32P]PO4, RHL1, RHL2, and RHL3 became radiolabeled [11].
  • We now show, using three antibodies that recognise the receptor subunits in rat liver (RHL-1, RHL-2 and RHL-3), that the asialoglycoprotein receptors located in the plasma membrane domains and the endocytic compartment differ in oligomeric composition, sialic acid content, and solubility in Triton X-114 using two-phase systems [12].
  • We found that both RHL-1 and RHL-2 mRNAs are expressed in the liver, kidney, brain and thyroid [13].
  • In rat testis and spermatozoa a galactosyl receptor (RTG-r) which is immunologically related to RHL-2/3 has been described [14].
 

Associations of Asgr2 with chemical compounds

  • The COOH-terminal portion of the RHL-2/3 polypeptide has been demonstrated to contain a galactose-recognition domain by expression in an in vitro transcription/translation system [10].
  • The structure of the RHL-2/3 polypeptide has been established by protein and cDNA sequence analysis, which reveals that this protein is homologous to RHL-1 throughout its length but contains one major insertion of 18 amino acids near its NH2 terminus [10].
  • Weak 125I-ASOR binding to RHL2 or RHL3 could be detected only when the Tween series or Lubrol PX were used [15].
 

Physical interactions of Asgr2

  • These studies suggest that RHL-1 forms a ligand-binding core while RHL-2/3 acts more as an accessory subunit contributing to selective binding of certain oligosaccharide structures [16].
 

Other interactions of Asgr2

 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Asgr2

  • Northern blot analysis now demonstrates that rat and mouse testis express a receptor similar to the RHL-1 ASGP-R but not the RHL-2/3 receptor [17].
  • Western blot analysis demonstrates the presence of a 49-kDa Te/Ep RHL-1-related protein band and a 54-kDa Te/Ep RHL-2/3-related protein band in both rat Te membrane fractions (MF) and rat Ep sperm MF [18].
  • Anti-RHL-2/3, anti-p27, and anti-p28 sera crossreacted with rat hepatocyte RHL-2/3 and its rat testis and sperm equivalent, galactosyl receptor, purified by chromatofocusing followed by galactose-Hydropore-EP affinity chromatography [8].

References

  1. The major subunit of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor can function alone as a receptor. Braiterman, L.T., Chance, S.C., Porter, W.R., Lee, Y.C., Townsend, R.R., Hubbard, A.L. J. Biol. Chem. (1989) [Pubmed]
  2. The minor components of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor are apically located in neonatal enterocytes. Hu, C.B., Lee, E.Y., Hewitt, J.E., Baenziger, J.U., Mu, J.Z., DeSchryver-Kecskemeti, K., Alpers, D.H. Gastroenterology (1991) [Pubmed]
  3. Identification of rat testis galactosyl receptor using antibodies to liver asialoglycoprotein receptor: purification and localization on surfaces of spermatogenic cells and sperm. Abdullah, M., Kierszenbaum, A.L. J. Cell Biol. (1989) [Pubmed]
  4. Identification and characterization of cDNA clones encoding two homologous proteins that are part of the asialoglycoprotein receptor. McPhaul, M., Berg, P. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1987) [Pubmed]
  5. Fatty acylation of the rat and human asialoglycoprotein receptors. A conserved cytoplasmic cysteine residue is acylated in all receptor subunits. Zeng, F.Y., Weigel, P.H. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) [Pubmed]
  6. Primary structure of the rat liver asialoglycoprotein receptor. Structural evidence for multiple polypeptide species. Drickamer, K., Mamon, J.F., Binns, G., Leung, J.O. J. Biol. Chem. (1984) [Pubmed]
  7. Fatty acylation of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor. The three subunits from active receptors contain covalently bound palmitate and stearate. Zeng, F.Y., Kaphalia, B.S., Ansari, G.A., Weigel, P.H. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) [Pubmed]
  8. Rat sperm galactosyl receptor: purification and identification by polyclonal antibodies raised against multiple antigen peptides. Mertz, J.R., Banda, P.W., Kierszenbaum, A.L. Mol. Reprod. Dev. (1995) [Pubmed]
  9. A specific antibody to the carbohydrate recognition domain of the asialoglycoprotein receptor RHL1 subunit does not react with RHL2/3 but blocks ligand binding. Zeng, F.Y., Oka, J.A., Weigel, P.H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) [Pubmed]
  10. Major and minor forms of the rat liver asialoglycoprotein receptor are independent galactose-binding proteins. Primary structure and glycosylation heterogeneity of minor receptor forms. Halberg, D.F., Wager, R.E., Farrell, D.C., Hildreth, J., Quesenberry, M.S., Loeb, J.A., Holland, E.C., Drickamer, K. J. Biol. Chem. (1987) [Pubmed]
  11. The rat hepatic lectin 1 subunit of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor is a phosphoprotein and contains phosphotyrosine. Haynes, P.A., Oka, J.A., Weigel, P.H. J. Biol. Chem. (1994) [Pubmed]
  12. Differential expression of asialoglycoprotein receptor subunits in the endocytic compartment during liver regeneration. Enrich, C., Verges, M., Evans, W.H. J. Cell. Physiol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  13. Differential expression of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in discrete brain areas, in kidney and thyroid. Pacifico, F., Laviola, L., Ulianich, L., Porcellini, A., Ventra, C., Consiglio, E., Avvedimento, V.E. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) [Pubmed]
  14. A mammalian sperm lectin related to rat hepatocyte lectin-2/3. Purification from rabbit testis and identification as a zona binding protein. Abdullah, M., Widgren, E.E., O'Rand, M.G. Mol. Cell. Biochem. (1991) [Pubmed]
  15. Renaturation and ligand blotting of the major subunit of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Zeng, F.Y., Oka, J.A., Weigel, P.H. Glycobiology (1996) [Pubmed]
  16. Differential ligand binding by two subunits of the rat liver asialoglycoprotein receptor. Ruiz, N.I., Drickamer, K. Glycobiology (1996) [Pubmed]
  17. Late-stage spermatids are characterized by expression of the "liver-specific" asialoglycoprotein receptor, RHL-1. Huber, B.E. Mol. Pharmacol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  18. Characterization of the "hepatic" asialoglycoprotein receptor in rat late-stage spermatids and epididymal sperm. Monroe, R.S., Huber, B.E. Gene (1994) [Pubmed]
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