Disease relevance of CCL4

• Cytokine and chemokine responses associated with clearance of a primary Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in the chicken and in protective immunity to rechallenge [1].
• We conclude that coccidiosis induces a diverse and robust primary cytokine/chemokine response, but a more subdued secondary response [2].

High impact information on CCL4

• Novel nuclear target for thrombin: activation of the Elk1 transcription factor leads to chemokine gene expression [3].
• Up-regulation of the chemokine 9E3/cCAF by thrombin occurs via its proteolytically activated receptor with subsequent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase [3].
• Taken together, these data describe the identification and characterization of a chemokine homolog encoded within the MDV genome that is dispensable for transformation but may affect the level of MDV in vivo lytic infection [4].
• In this study we describe the cytokine, chemokine, and antibody responses and cellular changes in primary and secondary infections of chickens with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium [1].
• Rapid expression of the MIP family chemokine and interleukin-6 was detected in the guts of these birds and was accompanied by an influx of lymphocytes [1].

Biological context of CCL4

• In this study, we report the sequencing and analysis of a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the entire chicken MIP family CC chemokine cluster [5].
• The gene duplication and divergence events that have taken place in mammals do not appear to have occurred as extensively in the avian lineage, as chickens possess fewer MIP family chemokine genes than humans or mice [5].
• All conserved amino acids characteristic of the mammalian chemokine family have been evolutionarily preserved in chicken MIP-1 beta, suggesting similar protein folding patterns and functional properties [6].
• Toll-like receptor agonists stimulate differential functional activation and cytokine and chemokine gene expression in heterophils isolated from chickens with differential innate responses [7].
• Additionally, all heterophils from line A stimulated with the bacterial TLR agonists had dramatic upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression, whereas heterophils from line B had little or no upregulation of these genes [7].

Anatomical context of CCL4

• It is interesting to note that the chicken chemokine seems to preferentially induce the migration of spleen B cells over T cells or B cells from the bursa of Fabricius [8].
• Immunolabelling of MG-infected membranes showed a massive infiltration of lymphocytes possessing CD3 surface markers and the presence of cells that secreted lymphotactin, a chemokine [9].

Other interactions of CCL4

• In contrast to other chemokine receptors, CXCR4 binds and is activated exclusively by its ligand stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) or CXCL12 [10].
• These findings suggest that the difference in heterophil functional efficiency between these parent lines is due to recognition of pathogens and activation of signaling pathways that induce innate cytokine and chemokine responses [7].
• Identification of a chicken "C" chemokine related to lymphotactin [8].
• Infection of 1-week-old chickens induced early expression of a macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) family chemokine in the spleen and liver, followed by increased expression of gamma interferon accompanied by increased numbers of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the formation of granuloma-like follicular lesions [1].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CCL4

• Combined embryo immunization with the EtMIC2 protein plus chicken cytokine or chemokine genes demonstrated that all 3 parameters of vaccination were improved compared with those of EtMIC2 alone [11].
• In this study, heterophils were isolated 1, 14, and 28 days post-hatch, treated with RPMI or phagocytic agonists, and the cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression assessed using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction [12].

References