Disease relevance of CSF2

• Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor promotes prolonged survival and the support of virulent infection by African swine fever virus of macrophages generated from porcine bone marrow and blood [1].
• Although a recent clinical study demonstrated disappointing results after subcutaneous GM-CSF application in patients with PAD, we hypothesized that intra-arterial cytokine application using implantable infusion pumps might well stimulate arteriogenesis in a large-species model of peripheral vascular disease [2].
• Flow measurements under reactive hyperemia were consistent with these results (flow occluded/non-occluded hind limb: PBS, 40.5% +/- 9.1%; GM-CSF continuous, 48.9% +/- 3.9%; GM-CSF intermittent, 48.7% +/- 4.4%) [2].
• Expression of biologically active recombinant porcine GM-CSF by baculovirus gene expression system [3].
• Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in porcine circovirus type-2-transfected piglets [4].

High impact information on CSF2

• Local transgenic expression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor initiates autoimmunity [5].
• The production of the mRNA was prominently increased when EoL-1 cells were treated with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin-5, and n-butyrate [6].
• In contrast, orazipone did not affect granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-induced survival of human neutrophils [7].
• Transfection with plasmid granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor markedly expanded liver CD11c(+) DC mainly located in portal regions, while liver B220(+) DC were dramatically generated after injection with plasmid interleukin (IL)-3/CD40L largely present in the lobules [8].
• METHODS: Twenty-four pigs underwent unilateral occlusion of the right femoral artery and received either GM-CSF continuously, GM-CSF intermittently, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) [2].

Biological context of CSF2

• The hydrophobicity profiles, putative glycosylation sites and positions of cysteine residues were highly conserved in porcine, ovine, bovine and human GM-CSF but not murine [9].
• Additional experiments suggested that the antibody response to FMDV proteins was improved by the co-administration of a plasmid encoding porcine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [10].
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 were survival factors for this DC subset, and culture induced an up-regulation of MHC class II and CD80/86 [11].

Anatomical context of CSF2

• Kinetic study of porcine GM-CSF expression in porcine alveolar macrophages and spleen cells [12].
• Using KSOM as the culture medium, the effects of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were studied [13].
• These data indicate that SCF and GM-CSF play a role in the regulation of survival and/or proliferation of type A spermatogonia [13].
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was shown to stimulate arteriogenesis in small-animal models and in a pilot study in patients with coronary artery disease [2].
• The full length porcine granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cDNA, including secretion signal peptide coding region was recloned into baculovirus transfer vector pAcYM1 [3].

Associations of CSF2 with chemical compounds

• The GM-CSF enhancing protein was identified as a 155 kDa glycoprotein [14].
• Lack of effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on secretion of interferon-tau, other proteins, and prostaglandin E2 by the bovine and ovine conceptus [15].
• The objective was to determine the effects of folic acid+glycine supplement on uterine metabolism of prostaglandin and mRNA expression of endometrial granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in nulliparous (NYL) and multiparous Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) sows, and in multiparous Meishan-Landrace sows (ML) [16].
• Effect of folic acid plus glycine supplement on uterine prostaglandin and endometrial granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression during early pregnancy in pigs [16].
• In cultures of monocytes, diminished synthesis of TNF and NO reported after LPS restimulation could be prevented and reversed by interferon and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [17].

Other interactions of CSF2

• A single CS exposure did not induce obvious inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs, but it led to significant increases in the mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and decreases in IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [18].
• Critically, porcine IL-13/GM-CSF MoDC have the unique ability to stimulate a primary mixed lymphocyte response in vitro [19].
• At slaughter, endometrial tissue was collected to determine endometrial expression levels of GM-CSF mRNA, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1) and -2 (COX2) and to evaluate in vitro endometrial secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion [16].
• Dendritic cells, differentiated for 5 days in GM-CSF, IL-4 and IFN-alpha, were able to stimulate both allogeneic and syngeneic PBMC to proliferation in an MLR [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CSF2

• Porcine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cDNA was cloned by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced [9].
• CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the proarteriogenic properties of GM-CSF in larger animal species, revealing comparable efficacy of continuous and intermittent intra-arterial infusion [2].
• Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates arteriogenesis in a pig model of peripheral artery disease using clinically applicable infusion pumps [2].

References