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Shal  -  Shaker cognate l

Drosophila melanogaster

Synonyms: CG9262, DNK[[v]]4, Dmel\CG9262, Kv4, Potassium voltage-gated channel protein Shal, ...
 
 
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High impact information on Shal

  • Shaker, Shal, Shab, and Shaw K+ channels have similar structures, but appear to be independent channel systems: when co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes, all four function independently [1].
  • The T(X;Y)V7 rearrangement in Drosophila has originally been recognized as a Shaker-like mutant because of its behavioral and electrophysiological phenotype [2].
  • Shaker, Shal, Shab, and Shaw express independent K+ current systems [3].
  • Four of the channels, RK1 to RK4, are similar or identical to Shaker-like K+ channels previously identified in rat brain cDNA libraries [4].
  • Quantitative single-cell-reverse transcription-PCR demonstrates that A-current magnitude varies as a linear function of shal gene expression in identified stomatogastric neurons [5].
 

Biological context of Shal

  • Genetic, biophysical, and pharmacological studies in current and voltage clamp show this delay is controlled by the kinetics and voltage sensitivity of inactivation of a current whose properties suggest that it may be the Shal I(A) current [6].
  • After isolating a complete open reading frame for lobster shal 1, which shows significant sequence homology to the fly, mouse, and rat shal homologs, we used a single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method to demonstrate that the shal 1 gene was expressed in the LP and PY cells [7].
 

Anatomical context of Shal

  • Single-channel recordings revealed the presence in synaptic membranes of three different potassium channel types (A2, KD, KL), with biophysical properties that could account for the macroscopic currents and resemble those of the Shal, Shab, and Shaw channels described in heterologous expression systems and Drosophila neuronal somata [8].
  • Shal and shaker differential contribution to the K+ currents in the Drosophila mushroom body neurons [9].
  • This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that Shaker-like genes are expressed in renal epithelial cells [10].
  • Five Shaker-like cDNAs were amplified from rabbit kidney cortex and three from LLC-PK1, an epithelial cell line derived from pig kidney [10].
 

Associations of Shal with chemical compounds

  • However, removing both Sh and Shal I(A) by 4-aminopyridine converted the delayed to damping firing pattern, demonstrating their actions in regulating spike initiation [11].
  • Mutant Analysis of the Shal (Kv4) Voltage-gated Fast Transient K+ Channel in Caenorhabditis elegans [12].
  • Arachidonic acid, a specifical inhibitor of Kv4 family (shal) K(+) channels, was found to inhibit K(+) currents in cultured Drosophila neurons, suggesting the presence of shal channels in these neurons [13].
 

Other interactions of Shal

  • Mutations of Sh and Shab K(+) channels removed part of inactivating I(A) and sustained I(K), respectively, and the remaining I(A) and I(K) revealed the properties of their counterparts, e.g., Shal and Shaw channels [11].
  • The gene Shal, which is located cytogenetically nearby ash1, was used to initiate an 84-kb genomic walk within which the ash1 gene was identified [14].
  • In contrast, we show that Shal is as important in these neuronal cell bodies as Shaker is in muscles [15].
  • We used charybdotoxin to pharmacologically separate the individual components of IKfast to show that increased Eve specifically down regulates the Slowpoke (a BK Ca2+-gated potassium channel), but not Shal, component of this current [16].

References

  1. An essential 'set' of K+ channels conserved in flies, mice and humans. Salkoff, L., Baker, K., Butler, A., Covarrubias, M., Pak, M.D., Wei, A. Trends Neurosci. (1992) [Pubmed]
  2. Frequenin--a novel calcium-binding protein that modulates synaptic efficacy in the Drosophila nervous system. Pongs, O., Lindemeier, J., Zhu, X.R., Theil, T., Engelkamp, D., Krah-Jentgens, I., Lambrecht, H.G., Koch, K.W., Schwemer, J., Rivosecchi, R. Neuron (1993) [Pubmed]
  3. Shaker, Shal, Shab, and Shaw express independent K+ current systems. Covarrubias, M., Wei, A.A., Salkoff, L. Neuron (1991) [Pubmed]
  4. Cloning and tissue-specific expression of five voltage-gated potassium channel cDNAs expressed in rat heart. Roberds, S.L., Tamkun, M.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1991) [Pubmed]
  5. Quantitative single-cell-reverse transcription-PCR demonstrates that A-current magnitude varies as a linear function of shal gene expression in identified stomatogastric neurons. Baro, D.J., Levini, R.M., Kim, M.T., Willms, A.R., Lanning, C.C., Rodriguez, H.E., Harris-Warrick, R.M. J. Neurosci. (1997) [Pubmed]
  6. Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of identified motor neurons in the Drosophila third instar larva central nervous system. Choi, J.C., Park, D., Griffith, L.C. J. Neurophysiol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  7. Lobster shal: comparison with Drosophila shal and native potassium currents in identified neurons. Baro, D.J., Coniglio, L.M., Cole, C.L., Rodriguez, H.E., Lubell, J.K., Kim, M.T., Harris-Warrick, R.M. J. Neurosci. (1996) [Pubmed]
  8. Presynaptic recordings from Drosophila: correlation of macroscopic and single-channel K+ currents. Martínez-Padrón, M., Ferrús, A. J. Neurosci. (1997) [Pubmed]
  9. Shal and shaker differential contribution to the K+ currents in the Drosophila mushroom body neurons. Gasque, G., Labarca, P., Reynaud, E., Darszon, A. J. Neurosci. (2005) [Pubmed]
  10. Isolation of putative voltage-gated epithelial K-channel isoforms from rabbit kidney and LLC-PK1 cells. Desir, G.V., Hamlin, H.A., Puente, E., Reilly, R.F., Hildebrandt, F., Igarashi, P. Am. J. Physiol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  11. Differential contributions of shaker and shab k+ currents to neuronal firing patterns in Drosophila. Peng, I.F., Wu, C.F. J. Neurophysiol. (2007) [Pubmed]
  12. Mutant Analysis of the Shal (Kv4) Voltage-gated Fast Transient K+ Channel in Caenorhabditis elegans. Fawcett, G.L., Santi, C.M., Butler, A., Harris, T., Covarrubias, M., Salkoff, L. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) [Pubmed]
  13. Altered outward K(+) currents in Drosophila larval neurons of memory mutants rutabaga and amnesiac. Yu, D., Feng, C., Guo, A. J. Neurobiol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  14. Molecular genetic analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster gene absent, small or homeotic discs1 (ash1). Tripoulas, N.A., Hersperger, E., La Jeunesse, D., Shearn, A. Genetics (1994) [Pubmed]
  15. Genetic analysis of Drosophila neurons: Shal, Shaw, and Shab encode most embryonic potassium currents. Tsunoda, S., Salkoff, L. J. Neurosci. (1995) [Pubmed]
  16. The homeobox transcription factor Even-skipped regulates acquisition of electrical properties in Drosophila neurons. Pym, E.C., Southall, T.D., Mee, C.J., Brand, A.H., Baines, R.A. Neural development (2006) [Pubmed]
 
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