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MYL2  -  myosin, light chain 2, regulatory, cardiac...

Gallus gallus

Synonyms: G2, MLC-2A
 
 
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Disease relevance of MYL2

  • Uukuniemi virus assembles in the Golgi complex, where both glycoproteins G1 and G2 and nucleocapsid protein N accumulate (E. Kuismanen, B. Bång, M. Hurme, and R. F. Pettersson, J. Virol. 51:137-146, 1984) [1].
  • In order to understand the mechanism of defective myofibrilogenesis in muscular dystrophy, we have used the genomic cloned DNA specific for myosin light chain 2A (MLC 2A) to check its expression [2].
 

High impact information on MYL2

  • The significance of the DNA-protein interactions for the function of the promoter in vivo is demonstrated by competition experiments in which protein-binding oligonucleotides were microinjected into nuclei of myotubes, where they successfully competed for the protein factors which are required to trans activate the MLC2-A promoter [3].
  • As an approach to determine DNA elements involved in tissue-specific gene expression, the functional promoter of the cardiac myosin light chain gene (MLC 2-A) was identified [4].
  • The transfection assay also allowed detection of chicken MLC2A gene transcripts by S1-nuclease protection of end-labeled DNA probes [5].
  • Southern blot analysis of genomic chicken DNA indicates the presence of one MLC-2A gene per haploid chicken genome [6].
  • To study the gene structure and molecular mechanisms underlying differential gene expression, the structural cardiac myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2A) gene was isolated from a chicken genomic DNA library [6].
 

Biological context of MYL2

  • A comparison of the MLC2A upstream gene sequence with those available for skeletal myosin light chains revealed no common sequence elements, suggesting that cardiac MLC2A gene promoter region has diverged considerably from its counterparts in skeletal muscle [5].
  • We here demonstrate that sequences close to the TATA box are sufficient to direct muscle specific and regulated expression of the MLC2-A mRNA [7].
  • In primary breast muscle cells, bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), a reversible blocking agent of cell differentiation, suppresses transcription from the MLC2-A promoter whereas nonmuscle promoters like the RSV- or the cytoplasmic beta-actin promoter are unaffected in their transcriptional capacity [7].
  • Certain specific methylation sites of the chicken cardiac myosin light chain (MLC-2A) gene in DNA from embryonic heart tissue as well as from embryonic livers and brains were studied [8].
  • DNA sequencing showed that the transgene had been integrated at chromosome 26 of the G1 and G2 generation transgenic chickens [9].
 

Anatomical context of MYL2

  • Two recombinant clones, lambda LC5 and lambda LC13, encompassing the entire regulatory myosin light chain 2 (MLC2A) gene of chicken heart muscle were isolated [5].
  • Transcription from MLC2-A promoter/CAT hybrids in myocytes starts from the authentic cap site that is also used in vivo [7].
  • Transcriptional regulation of the chicken cardiac myosin light chain 2 (MLC2-A) gene was investigated in chicken primary myoblast and fibroblast cultures transfected with vector constructs containing the bacterial marker gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) under the control of the MLC2-A promoter [7].
  • In wild-type virus- or ts12-infected cells, G1 and G2 could not be chased out from the Golgi complex even after 6 h of treatment with cycloheximide [1].
  • Reticulocyte DNA-P yield predominantly three major proteins, designated G1, G2, and G3 with relative masses of 80 000, 50 000, and 58 000, respectively [10].
 

Associations of MYL2 with chemical compounds

  • Bone proteins were extracted from fresh 18-day embryonic specimens with a three extraction procedure, 4 M guanidine HCl (GdnCl, G-1 extract), 0.4 M EDTA (E-extract), followed by GdnCl (G-2 extract), to characterize mineral binding and collagenous matrix associated PGs in E- and G2-extracts respectively [11].
  • Erythrocyte DNA-P show only two proteins which appear to be similar to the reticulocyte G1 and G2 proteins, except in much reduced quantities as revealed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [10].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of MYL2

  • We analyzed the expression of the avian cardiac myosin light chain (MLC) 2-A in heart and slow skeletal muscle by a combination of experimental approaches, e.g., two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the protein and hybridization of mRNA to specific MLC 2-A sequences cloned from chicken [12].
  • A quantitative microinjection procedure has been developed to demonstrate muscle-specific transcription of the myosin light chain 2-A (MLC2-A) promoter in differentiated chicken primary breast muscle cells [13].

References

  1. Uukuniemi virus glycoproteins accumulate in and cause morphological changes of the Golgi complex in the absence of virus maturation. Gahmberg, N., Kuismanen, E., Keränen, S., Pettersson, R.F. J. Virol. (1986) [Pubmed]
  2. Restricted expression of cardiac myosin light chain 2A gene in muscular dystrophic condition. Datta, K., Gupta, S. Biochem. Int. (1991) [Pubmed]
  3. Promoter upstream elements of the chicken cardiac myosin light-chain 2-A gene interact with trans-acting regulatory factors for muscle-specific transcription. Braun, T., Tannich, E., Buschhausen-Denker, G., Arnold, H.H. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1989) [Pubmed]
  4. Tissue-specific DNase I-hypersensitive sites and hypomethylation in the chicken cardiac myosin light chain gene (L2-A). Winter, B.B., Arnold, H.H. J. Biol. Chem. (1987) [Pubmed]
  5. Characterization of 5'-flanking region of heart myosin light chain 2A gene. Structural and functional evidence for promoter activity. Zarraga, A.M., Danishefsky, K., Deshpande, A., Nicholson, D., Mendola, C., Siddiqui, M.A. J. Biol. Chem. (1986) [Pubmed]
  6. Isolation and characterization of the chicken cardiac myosin light chain (L-2A) gene. Evidence for two additional N-terminal amino acids. Winter, B., Klapthor, H., Wiebauer, K., Delius, H., Arnold, H.H. J. Biol. Chem. (1985) [Pubmed]
  7. The promoter of the chicken cardiac myosin light chain 2 gene shows cell-specific expression in transfected primary cultures of chicken muscle. Arnold, H.H., Tannich, E., Paterson, B.M. Nucleic Acids Res. (1988) [Pubmed]
  8. The cardiac myosin light chain (MLC-2A) gene in chicken is methylated in both expressing and nonexpressing tissues. Arnold, H.H., Klapthor, H., Winter, B. Cell Biol. Toxicol. (1984) [Pubmed]
  9. Production of germline transgenic chickens expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein using a MoMLV-based retrovirus vector. Koo, B.C., Kwon, M.S., Choi, B.R., Kim, J.H., Cho, S.K., Sohn, S.H., Cho, E.J., Lee, H.T., Chang, W., Jeon, I., Park, J.K., Park, J.B., Kim, T. FASEB J. (2006) [Pubmed]
  10. Partial characterization of chromosomal proteins tightly bound to chicken erythroid DNA. Liew, C.C., Hentzen, P.C., Bekhor, I. Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. (1985) [Pubmed]
  11. Immunohistochemical and biochemical characterization of sulphated proteoglycans in embryonic chick bone. Takagi, M., Ono, Y., Maeno, M., Miyashita, K., Omiya, K. The Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry. (1997) [Pubmed]
  12. Evidence for distinct phosphorylatable myosin light chains in avian heart and slow skeletal muscle. Lohse, P., Winter, B., Mouly, V., Fiszman, M.Y., Arnold, H.H. Dev. Biol. (1988) [Pubmed]
  13. The interaction of nuclear proteins with essential promoter element of the chicken cardiac myosin light chain 2 gene is involved in muscle-specific transcription. Braun, T., Buschhausen-Denker, G., Tannich, E., Arnold, H.H. FEBS Lett. (1988) [Pubmed]
 
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