Disease relevance of nog2

• Using a replication competent retrovirus we have ectopically expressed noggin in developing somitic and limb bud mesoderm and observed phenotypes consistent with complete block of BMP activity [1].

High impact information on nog2

• Like noggin, Xnr3 can induce muscle in ventral mesoderm explants, consistent with a role in patterning the gastrula [2].
• Co-expression of Xenopus Brachyury (Xbra) mRNA with noggin mRNA in animal caps specifies the main dorsal tissues, namely muscle, notochord and neural tissue [3].
• Explants of ectodermal tissue from blastula or gastrula stage embryos were grafted onto oocytes that had been injected with RNA encoding activin or noggin [4].
• We have investigated mechanisms of dorsal-ventral patterning of neural tissue, using Xenopus ectoderm neuralized by noggin protein [5].
• Conversely, we show that the timing of neuronal differentiation can be changed from late to early after treating noggin caps or embryos with retinoic acid (RA), a putative posteriorising agent [6].

Biological context of nog2

• Embryos injected with noggin mRNA at the 1-cell stage or with plasmids driving noggin expression after the start of zygotic transcription express Xslu in a ring surrounding the embryo on the ventroposterior side [7].
• Taken together,, our results indicate that noggin is a key regulator of vertebrate limb and somite patterning and suggest that the antagonistic Noggin-BMP interaction is a widely used mechanism to modulate BMP signaling during multiple inductive events in vertebrate embryogenesis [1].
• To analyze how the maternal inherited factors control its expression pattern, we cloned the 5' regulatory region of noggin gene [8].
• Cloning and analysing of 5' flanking region of Xenopus organizer gene noggin [8].
• The 1.5 kb upstream sequence could direct reporter gene to express in vivo and data from deletion analysis indicated that a 229 base pair fragment is essential for activating noggin expression [8].

Anatomical context of nog2

• Thus, an FGF signal may account for posterior neural induction, and anterior-posterior neural patterning could be partly explained by the actions of noggin and FGF, together with the changing response of the ectoderm to these factors [9].
• The ventral co-inducer, in the presence of overexpressed noggin, seems to generate an anterior/posterior pattern in the ventral part of the embryo comparable to that seen in neural crest of normal embryos [7].
• We conclude that the despite the absence of mesoderm, noggin-induced neural tissue shows considerable differentiation and organization, which may represent dorsal-ventral patterning of the forebrain [10].
• Furthermore, treatment of early gastrula ectoderm with noggin and bFGF results in the induction of En-2, a marker of the midbrain-hindbrain junction and Krox 20, a marker of the third and fifth rhombomeres of the hindbrain [9].
• Endogenous and ectopic expression of noggin suggests a conserved mechanism for regulation of BMP function during limb and somite patterning [1].

Associations of nog2 with chemical compounds

• When intact siblings were at stage 27, many cells in noggin-expressing, noradrenaline-treated caps were stained by the neuron-specific mcAb3A10 [11].
• Methoxamine, a specific alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist, also activated N-tubulin in noggin-expressing caps [11].
• By replacing some cysteine residues with serine residues through a site-directed mutagenesis strategy, we generated three noggin mutants, C145S, C205S, and C(218, 220, 222)S (3CS) [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of nog2

• If noggin expression is induced followed by partial amputation of the tail, then wound closure and the formation of the neural ampulla occur normally but outgrowth of the regeneration bud is inhibited [13].
• Microinjection of ribonucleic acid (RNA) encoding noggin, an endogenous neural inducer, led to the induction of POMC gene expression in animal caps of stage 10 embryos, suggesting that noggin represents a candidate mesodermal signal leading to the POMC messenger (m) RNA producing cell type in uncommitted ectoderm [14].

References