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Gene Review

ECs2601  -  transcriptional activator FlhC

Escherichia coli O157:H7 str. Sakai

 
 
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Disease relevance of ECs2601

  • The FlhD/FlhC complex, a transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli flagellar class II operons [1].
  • Gene array analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica FlhD and FlhC: regulation of enzymes affecting synthesis and degradation of carbamoylphosphate [2].
  • This paper focuses on global gene regulation by FlhD/FlhC in enteric bacteria [2].
 

High impact information on ECs2601

  • As a first attempt to understand the mechanism of the flagellar transcriptional activation by FlhD and FlhC, the structure of FlhD has been solved [3].
  • FlhD does not bind DNA by itself, so it may be that the DNA-binding HTH motif becomes rigidly defined only when FlhD forms a complex with some other protein, such as FlhC [4].
  • FlhC has a novel tertiary fold that includes a heretofore unrecognized zinc-binding site in which the ion is ligated by four cysteine residues [5].
  • The fact that an EHEC strain constitutively expressing FlhD/FlhC cannot adhere to HeLa cells leads us to hypothesize that GrlA-dependent repression of the flagellar regulon is important for efficient cell adhesion of EHEC to host cells [6].
  • The regulation by two transcriptional activators of flagellar expression (FlhD and FlhC) and the chemotaxis methyl-accepting protein Aer was studied with glass slide DNA microarrays [7].
 

Biological context of ECs2601

  • In vitro transcription experiments demonstrated that the FlhD/FlhC complex is a transcriptional activator required for the transcription of the three class II operons examined in vitro [1].
  • FlhD/FlhC is a regulator of anaerobic respiration and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway through induction of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein Aer [7].
 

Anatomical context of ECs2601

  • These data are consistent with the hypothesis that temperature regulation of flagella genes might be mediated by the flagella-specific sigma factor FliA and not the flagella master regulator FlhD/FlhC [2].
 

Associations of ECs2601 with chemical compounds

  • Genes that were regulated at least fivefold by FlhD/FlhC in Y. enterocolitica are genes encoding urocanate hydratase (hutU), imidazolone propionase (hutI), carbamoylphosphate synthetase (carAB) and aspartate carbamoyltransferase (pyrBI) [2].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ECs2601

  • The three-dimensional topology of FlhD and the site-directed mutagenesis results support the hypothesis of FlhC as an allosteric effector that activates FlhD for the recognition of the DNA [3].
  • The initial steps in this investigation are reported here: the overexpression, purification and crystallization of the FlhD/FlhC complex, the characterization of this crystal form and the recording and processing of an initial diffraction data set [8].

References

  1. The FlhD/FlhC complex, a transcriptional activator of the Escherichia coli flagellar class II operons. Liu, X., Matsumura, P. J. Bacteriol. (1994) [Pubmed]
  2. Gene array analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica FlhD and FlhC: regulation of enzymes affecting synthesis and degradation of carbamoylphosphate. Kapatral, V., Campbell, J.W., Minnich, S.A., Thomson, N.R., Matsumura, P., Prüss, B.M. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) (2004) [Pubmed]
  3. Extensive alanine scanning reveals protein-protein and protein-DNA interaction surfaces in the global regulator FlhD from Escherichia coli. Campos, A., Matsumura, P. Mol. Microbiol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  4. Crystal structure of the global regulator FlhD from Escherichia coli at 1.8 A resolution. Campos, A., Zhang, R.G., Alkire, R.W., Matsumura, P., Westbrook, E.M. Mol. Microbiol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  5. Structure of the Escherichia coli FlhDC complex, a prokaryotic heteromeric regulator of transcription. Wang, S., Fleming, R.T., Westbrook, E.M., Matsumura, P., McKay, D.B. J. Mol. Biol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  6. The GrlR-GrlA regulatory system coordinately controls the expression of flagellar and LEE-encoded type III protein secretion systems in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Iyoda, S., Koizumi, N., Satou, H., Lu, Y., Saitoh, T., Ohnishi, M., Watanabe, H. J. Bacteriol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  7. FlhD/FlhC is a regulator of anaerobic respiration and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway through induction of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein Aer. Prüss, B.M., Campbell, J.W., Van Dyk, T.K., Zhu, C., Kogan, Y., Matsumura, P. J. Bacteriol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  8. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of FlhD/FlhC complex from Escherichia coli. Wang, S., Matsumura, P., Westbrook, E.M. Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. (2001) [Pubmed]
 
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