Disease relevance of Orf Virus

• The parapoxvirus orf virus encodes a novel soluble protein inhibitor of ovine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) [1].
• A homolog of interleukin-10 is encoded by the poxvirus orf virus [2].
• Vaccinia virus (VV) gene A41L encodes an acidic protein with amino acid similarity to the 35 kDa protein of VV strain Lister, a soluble protein called vCKBP that binds CC chemokines, and to a protein from orf virus, called GIF, that binds GM-CSF and IL-2 [3].

High impact information on Orf Virus

• An explanation for the nature of these lesions may lie in the discovery that orf virus encodes an apparent homolog of the mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of molecules [4].
• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like protein from orf virus NZ2 binds to VEGFR2 and neuropilin-1 [4].
• GIF expression by orf virus indicates that GM-CSF and IL-2 are important in host antiviral immunity [1].
• Previous studies have demonstrated the activity of (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (HPMPC; cidofovir; Vistide) against orf virus in cell culture and humans [5].
• HPMPC, HPMPDAP, and HPMPO-DAPy were evaluated for their activities against orf virus replication in organotypic epithelial raft cultures from differentiated PLK cells [5].

Chemical compound and disease context of Orf Virus

• Cyclosporin A abrogates the acquired immunity to cutaneous reinfection with the parapoxvirus orf virus [6].
• Heparin binding activity of orf virus F1L protein [7].
• Cross-neutralization experiments showed that an ovine orf virus antiserum raised in sheep was more effective in neutralizing a sheep orf virus isolate than a caprine orf virus isolate [8].

Biological context of Orf Virus

• Here we report that the 957-nt F4R open reading frame of orf virus (OV), a representative of the parapox genus, is predicted to encode a 318-aa protein with extensive homology to these enzymes [9].
• Location, DNA sequence and transcriptional analysis of the DNA polymerase gene of orf virus [10].
• Finally, the orf virus GM-CSF inhibitory factor gene (GIF) at the right terminus of the viral genome encodes an inhibitor of GM-CSF that also binds IL-2 [11].

Anatomical context of Orf Virus

• Both the orf virus vIL-10 and ovine IL-10 stimulate mast cell and thymocyte proliferation [11].

Gene context of Orf Virus

• The parapoxvirus orf virus encodes a homologue of ovine IL-10 and a novel GM-CSF-binding protein [12].
• The parapoxvirus orf virus was resistant to type 1 (IFN-alpha) and type 2 (IFN-gamma) interferons in cultures of ovine cells [13].
• Infection of sheep with an IL-10 deletion mutant of orf virus has shown that interferon-gamma levels are higher in tissue infected with the mutant virus than the parent virus [14].
• To investigate a possible role of the viral VEGF in the pathogenesis of severe persistent orf virus lesions, the activity of four VEGF-E variants was compared by an angiogenesis in vitro model [15].
• The dUTPase gene of the attenuated orf virus (ORFV), strain D1701, was expressed as a bacterial thioredoxin fusion protein [16].

References