Disease relevance of Ixodes

• Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite [1].
• To determine whether relapsing fever-like spirochetes associated with hard ticks may infect Ixodes ricinus ticks in central Europe, we screened questing ticks for 16S rDNA similar to that of Asian and American relapsing fever-like spirochetes [2].
• Rodent trapping and drag sampling in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, yielded all stages of Ixodes scapularis, the deer tick vector of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) [3].
• Nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks were collected from several sites in Rhode Island. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to determine the presence and prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum human agent (AP-ha) and a genetic variant not associated with human disease (AP-variant 1) [4].
• However, the transcript of the msp2 gene was undetectable in A. phagocytophilum strain HZ in SCID mice and Ixodes scapularis ticks infected with strain NTN-1 [5].

High impact information on Ixodes

• P21 was not detected on B. burgdorferi in unfed or engorged Ixodes dammini (also known as I. scapularis) ticks, further supporting the postulate that P21 synthesis is specific for the mammalian host [6].
• Ixolaris, a novel recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the salivary gland of the tick, Ixodes scapularis: identification of factor X and factor Xa as scaffolds for the inhibition of factor VIIa/tissue factor complex [7].
• That certain mlp genes are likely expressed during the growth of B. burgdorferi in mammalian tissues was supported by findings of antibodies against all three Mlp lipoproteins in mice after challenge with Ixodes scapularis nymphs harboring B. burgdorferi 297 [8].
• Here we use microsatellite genetic markers to compare the population structure and dispersal of two host races of the seabird tick Ixodes uriae at the scale of the North Atlantic. Interestingly, tick populations showed high within-population genetic variation and relatively low population differentiation [9].
• Antibody levels to recombinant tick calreticulin increase in humans after exposure to Ixodes scapularis (Say) and are correlated with tick engorgement indices [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ixodes

• Antibiotic treatment in mice infected with Japanese Borrelia garinii: efficacy of ceftriaxone for eradicating the infection induced by Ixodes persulcatus tick bites [11].
• Effect of tetracycline on development of Anaplasma marginale in cultured Ixodes scapularis cells [12].
• Efficacy of a collar impregnated with amitraz and pyriproxyfen for prevention of experimental tick infestations by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ixodes ricinus, and Ixodes scapularis in dogs [13].
• Larvae and nymphs of Ixodes dammini Spielman, Piesman, Clifford & Corwin from a laboratory colony were fed on two white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman) inoculated with either the SH2-82 or JD-1 strains of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner [14].
• Efficacy of permethrin in controlling the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus and the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis on dogs [15].

Biological context of Ixodes

• In this paper, a novel tick salivary gland cDNA with sequence homology to tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and coding for a protein called Penthalaris has been characterized from the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis [16].
• Adaptions in the life cycle of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) and Ixodes dammini (Spielman, Clifford, Piesman, and Corwin) marginal populations (Acari: Ixodidae) [17].
• Seasonal and diel activity of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) subpopulations in Denmark. Aspects of size, physiological age, and malate dehydrogenase genotype in a forest site without any undergrowth [18].
• Phylogeny analysis revealed that TAM is closely related to Limulus alpha(2)M and displays the highest similarity to the partial sequence of alpha(2)M from hard tick Ixodes scapularis [19].
• Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S genes [20].

Anatomical context of Ixodes

• IFN-gamma IL-2, and IL-4 mRNA expression in the skin and draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice repeatedly infested with nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks [21].
• To determine whether the presence of nonpathogenic piroplasms may confound field estimates of risk of Babesia microti infection, we identified sporozoites infecting the salivary glands of deer ticks (Ixodes dammini) by parallel microscopy and polymerase chain reaction assays [22].
• Immunosuppression and cytokine production in mice infested with Ixodes ricinus ticks: a possible role of laminin and interleukin-10 on the in vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogens [23].

Associations of Ixodes with chemical compounds

• The Ixodes scapularis MP is a 488 amino acid (aa) protein containing pre- and pro-enzyme domains, the zinc-binding motif HExxHxxGxxH common to metalloproteases, and a cysteine-rich region [24].
• The synthetic pyrethroid, permethrin, when applied to clothing with a pressurized spray at an application rate estimated previously to be 4 micrograms a.i./cm2, was found to be 100% effective for personal protection against all three parasitic stages of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls [25].
• Interbreed differences in the efficacy of 1% deltamethrin pour-on to protect small livestock against infestation with Ixodes rubicundus (Acari:Ixodidae) [26].
• Interpretation of a model for a DDT-treated population of Ixodes persulcatus. II. Factors contributing to effectiveness of acaricide application [27].
• The Chilean Ixodes fauna is unique to the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region, and additional research is needed in order to understand the biological importance of these species [28].

Gene context of Ixodes

• The skin and draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice were examined for IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in three successive infestations with nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks [21].
• Cytokine production by lymph node cells from mice infested with Ixodes ricinus ticks and the effect of tick salivary gland extracts on IL-2 production [29].
• Questing adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Western Siberia, Russia were tested for infections with Bartonella spp. using seminested PCR assay with primers specific to the groEL gene [30].
• Mice infected with B. burgdorferi following exposure to ticks (Ixodes dammini) produced anti-P39 antibodies no later than 7 days postinfection, indicating that P39 is an effective immunogen in natural infections [31].
• In all the sera of four patients with meningoradiculitis of Bannwarth admitted to the neurological department of the University Clinic Grosshadern in Munich in 1983, we found antibodies against Ixodes dammini spirochetes [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ixodes

• A unique Rickettsia species (Rickettsia thailandii sp. nov.) was identified in an Ixodes granulatus by use of polymerase chain reaction heteroduplex mobility assay by use of segments of the citrate synthase gene [33].
• Sera from two of four volunteers with known reactions to O. capensis and one of four others with reactions to the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, cross-reacted with antigens from a total of four of six biting/stinging and non-biting arthropods (radioallergosorbent tests) [34].
• Comparative activity of deet and AI3-37220 repellents against the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory bioassays [35].

References