Disease relevance of Apocrine Glands

• By the immunoperoxidase technique, GCDFP-15 was localized in the apocrine metaplastic epithelium lining breast cysts and in apocrine glands in the axilla, vulva, eyelid, and ear canal [1].
• Androgen metabolism by isolated human axillary apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppurativa [2].
• A relationship of dermal cylindroma to the apocrine gland is suggested by expression of lysozyme and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin [3].
• Adenocarcinomas derived from apocrine glands of the anal sac also were stained immunohistochemically for antigens that cross-react with antiserum to human PTHrP [4].

High impact information on Apocrine Glands

• Mutations in Tbx3 are responsible for ulnar-mammary syndrome (UMS), an autosomal dominant disorder affecting limb, tooth, hair, apocrine gland and genital development [5].
• In the skin, 11 beta HSD2 and MR were present only in excretory ducts of eccrine sweat glands, but not in sebaceous or apocrine glands [6].
• The ductal epithelia of both eccrine and apocrine glands contained CEA and NCA-90 [7].
• The present work demonstrates TGF-alpha protein in eccrine ducts, and eccrine, sebaceous, and apocrine glands [8].
• One case of vulvar PD associated with underlying apocrine carcinoma had a phenotype (MUC1+MUC2-MUC5AC-) identical to that of normal apocrine glands [9].

Biological context of Apocrine Glands

• Carcinoembryonic antigen may form part of the Schiff-positive cuticle and function in the normal homeostasis of eccrine and apocrine glands [10].

Anatomical context of Apocrine Glands

• Normal apocrine glands were stained with all three antibodies, while eccrine glands were positive only for GCDFP-15, and other portions of normal skin were not stained with any of the antibodies used [11].
• In normal skin, AR was consistently localized in seboblasts and in some differentiated sebocytes, and variable expression was seen in luminal epithelial cells of eccrine and apocrine glands in the secretory portion [12].
• In sebaceous glands, only the peripheral layer of cells showed immunological activity for cathepsin B. In apocrine glands, granules containing remnants of cristae were more intensively labeled than those lacking cristae which supports the assumption that both granules are derived from mitochondria by acquiring lysosomal enzymes [13].
• In addition to expression in breast tissue, human milk fat globulin (HMFG) is expressed in the normal apocrine glands and tumours with apocrine differentiation [14].

Associations of Apocrine Glands with chemical compounds

• Analysis of the secretion of the human apocrine gland has shown the presence of dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone sulfates, two androgen steroids previously identified in axillary sweat [15].
• In the secretory portion of the apocrine gland, luminal membrane and apocrine extrusions of various sizes and stages at the apices of the secretory cells exhibited positive reactions [16].
• CONCLUSIONS: Male and female subjects appear to have the same glycoprotein carriers for (E)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid localized to the apocrine glands [17].
• High levels of 5alpha-reductase activity have been detected in human apocrine glands, and the concentration of dihydrotestosterone has been found to be higher than that of testosterone in the nuclear fraction of the skin of patients who suffer from excessive or abnormal odour derived from apocrine sweat (osmidrosis) [18].
• METHODS: After single transverse incision in the center of one axilla, undermining was performed from the incision edges to make a wide subcutaneous tunnel and then apocrine glands and subcutaneous fats were vaporized with a CO2 laser [19].

Gene context of Apocrine Glands

• In normal skin, MUC1 was expressed in the sebaceous, eccrine and apocrine glands [20].
• Nerve growth factor, S-100 protein, CD44, and CD34 have unique expressions in or surrounding eccrine coil but are not found in eccrine duct or apocrine gland [21].
• Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands [22].
• The tumor shares keratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and EGF-receptor expression with eccrine and apocrine glands [3].
• CEA was also present in the cells and secretions of normal eccrine and apocrine glands [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Apocrine Glands

• The differentiation of the tumor cells towards the apocrine gland was corroborated by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies GCDFP-15 and B72 [24].
• Therefore we studied the distribution of proteins described to be specific for either eccrine or apocrine glands (CD15, CD44, S-100 and milk fat globulin) on axillary skin samples from healthy young adults by immunofluorescence [25].

References