Disease relevance of APUD Cells

• Small cell carcinoma lines (SCCL) have properties of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells and express high levels of the enzyme, L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase [1].
• The group that was derived from APUD cells showed appreciable amounts of CT in 30 of 31 (97%) of these tumors or in 20 of 21 (95%) when the medullary carcinomas of the thyroid were excluded [2].

High impact information on APUD Cells

• Ultrastructural alterations of APUD cells during nitrosamine-induced lung carcinogenesis [3].
• Immediately after 24-hour exposure to NO2 the number of APUD cells dropped to approximately 25% of the control levels [4].
• Histochemical methods used to identify these cells have included staining with silver, amine-type fluorescence (APUD cell), periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-lead hematoxylin, and immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase [5].
• Stains for mucin, Paneth cells, and APUD cells were also performed [6].
• Immunocytochemistry for AADC may become an additional tool not only to highlight APUD cells in tissue sections but also to differentiate the sites of cellular amine synthesis from those of amine storage [7].

Anatomical context of APUD Cells

• The presence of neuron-specific enolase in both mucosal APUD cells and autonomic nerves has established this newly discovered neuronal enzyme as a useful marker for the entire neuroendocrine system of the lung and its derivative neoplasms [8].
• In the human, these tissues contain cells of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System, or APUD cells, that show PRL-like immunoreactivity, or overt synthesis of the hormone [9].
• The present study supports the point of view that the radiation initiates serotonin release from APUD cells, which appears to initiate the mechanism of early postirradiation dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract and the subsequent adaptive response of DNES [10].

Associations of APUD Cells with chemical compounds

• These secretory cells exhibit a yellow formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, which suggests that they belong to the class of APUD cells [11].
• Immunocytochemical studies of APUD cells in airways: effects of nitrosodiethylamine and nitrogen dioxide [12].
• In the treated animals, green fluorescent APUD cells could be seen in addition to the serotonin cells [13].
• Therapy of malignant APUD cell tumors. Effectiveness of DTIC [14].
• Gastric mucosal dopamine, which was mainly unaffected by either treatment, may exist in APUD cells [15].

Gene context of APUD Cells

• Neurone specific enolase (NSE) has been proposed as a specific marker for neural elements and APUD cells [16].
• The C-cell is the first APUD cell that was confirmed to have CEA activity [17].
• These changes are accompanied by the rapid appearance of neuron-specific enolase, an APUD cell marker [18].
• In APUD cells, the gene for ACTH-LPH coding may be repressed at the terminal stage of differentiation and may, therefore, be very easily derepressed by neoplastic transformation [19].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of APUD Cells

• These APUD cells have been shown by sequential formaldehyde-induced and immunofluorescence to be corticotrophs and the relationship between the two procedures has been found to have a reciprocal quality [20].
• The APUD cells were demonstrated in dissociated cell preparations by a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method, Grimelius' silver nitrate stain, and electron microscopy [21].

References