ATR kinase activation mediated by MutSalpha and MutLalpha in response to cytotoxic O6-methylguanine adducts.
S(N)1-type alkylating agents that produce cytotoxic O(6)-methyl-G (O(6)-meG) DNA adducts induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a manner requiring the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins MutSalpha and MutLalpha. Here, we show that checkpoint signaling in response to DNA methylation occurs during S phase and requires DNA replication that gives rise to O(6)-meG/T mispairs. DNA binding studies reveal that MutSalpha specifically recognizes O(6)-meG/T mispairs, but not O(6)-meG/C. In an in vitro assay, ATR- ATRIP, but not RPA, is preferentially recruited to O(6)-meG/T mismatches in a MutSalpha- and MutLalpha-dependent manner. Furthermore, ATR kinase is activated to phosphorylate Chk1 in the presence of O(6)-meG/T mispairs and MMR proteins. These results suggest that MMR proteins can act as direct sensors of methylation damage and help recruit ATR- ATRIP to sites of cytotoxic O(6)-meG adducts to initiate ATR checkpoint signaling.[1]References
- ATR kinase activation mediated by MutSalpha and MutLalpha in response to cytotoxic O6-methylguanine adducts. Yoshioka, K., Yoshioka, Y., Hsieh, P. Mol. Cell (2006) [Pubmed]
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