Disease relevance of SRR

• The median effective refractory period of the accessory pathway was 293 msec (interquartile range, 280-310 msec), and the median shortest RR interval between preexcited beats during atrial fibrillation (SRR) [corrected] was 274 msec (240-320 msec) [1].
• There was no difference between groups for RR, Spo2, incidence or frequency of slow respiratory rate (SRR, 5-min mean RR less than 10) and apneas (AP, greater than or equal to 15 s of less than 100 ml tidal volume), incidence of nausea and/or vomiting, pruritus, or hypotension, and hours asleep or drowsy [2].
• However, in direct comparisons with non-painters only the excesses for lung cancer (SRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.35, increasing to 1.32, 95% CI 16 to 1.93 with 20 years latency) and bladder cancer (SRR 1.77, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.77) were confirmed [3].
• Lymphohematopoietic cancer incidence was higher in the coke plants (SRR = 3.46, 95% CI = 1.02-8.91) and stomach cancer incidence was higher in the maintenance departments (SRR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.05-2.56) [4].
• At least 1 apnea (tidal volume < 100 mL for > or = 15 sec) occurred in 77% of subjects, and 32% had > or = 1 slow respiratory rate (SRR; 5-min RR < 10 beats/min) episode [5].

Psychiatry related information on SRR

• Alcohol's Stress-Response-Dampening (SRD) effect has been the subject of much research, but little has been done to examine the effects of drinking alcohol after experiencing a stressor (Stress-Response-Recovery; SRR) [6].

High impact information on SRR

• Here, we review recent data and discuss the 'synaptic re-entry reinforcement' (SRR) hypothesis, which can account for the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation at both the molecular and systems levels [7].
• The central idea of the SRR hypothesis is that reactivation of neural ensembles in the hippocampus during the consolidation period results in multiple rounds of NMDA-receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement of the hippocampal memory traces created during initial learning [7].
• In addition, the percentage of D-serine in the total serine in the schizophrenic patients was significantly (z = -4.78, P<.001) lower than that of controls, suggesting that the activity of serine racemase, an enzyme catalyzing the formation of D-serine from L-serine, may have been reduced in the schizophrenic patients [8].
• Gel-shift analysis of nuclear extracts from hypoxic MPs and HeLa cells demonstrated increased DNA-binding activity at the serum response region (SRR; -111/+14 bp) of the tissue factor promoter at Egr-1 motifs [9].
• In three nondiscriminator patients with familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, the fractional disappearance rates (mean +/- SD) of deuterium-labeled RRR- and SRR-alpha-tocopherols in plasma were 1.4 +/- 0.6 and 1.3 +/- 0.3 pools per day, respectively (difference, 0.1 +/- 0.3) [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of SRR

• Inhibitors of serine racemase have therapeutic implications for pathological processes in which over-stimulation of NMDA receptors takes place, such as stroke and neurodegenerative diseases [11].
• Recently, we have reported that serine racemase (SR) is inhibited by NO and activated by D-serine through nitrosylation and denitrosylation, respectively [K. Shoji, S. Mariotto, A.R. Ciampa, H. Suzuki, Regulation of serine racemase activity by D-serine and nitric oxide in human glioblastoma cells, Neurosci. Lett., in press] [12].

Biological context of SRR

• The SRR gene was localized on chromosome 17q13 [13].
• We have also evaluated the effects of the chronic administration of MK-801 (0.4 mg/kg) on the gene expression of serine racemase and DAO and on the d-serine concentrations [14].
• There is new and convincing evidence that the mammalian X chromosome, as well as the Y chromosome, contains an atypically high proportion of genes involved in sex and reproduction (SRR genes) [15].
• RESULTS: Genomic analyses revealed that human brain SRR transcripts consist of four isoforms with one major species, which were derived from alternative use of various 5' end exons [16].
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SRR and DAO were tested for their association with schizophrenia in both case-control and family-based designs and for correlation with serum levels of D-serine [16].

Anatomical context of SRR

• Experiments in non-human primate brain demonstrated the localization of SRR in amygdala nuclei, cortex, thalamus and hippocampus [13].
• In Northern blot analysis the SRR mRNA was expressed in human brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver tissues [13].
• The current studies report on the isolation of a cDNA encoding a human serine racemase (SRR) from the human neuronal like cell line, NT2N [13].
• The cloning of a functional human serine racemase and its expression in central nervous system of primates support a role for D-serine in neuronal activity [13].
• Immunohistochemical studies, using a polyclonal anti-human serine racemase antibody, revealed a peripheral expression of serine racemase protein in human cardiac myocytes and convoluted tubules of the kidney [13].

Associations of SRR with chemical compounds

• Synthesis of D-serine is catalyzed by the serine racemase enzyme [13].
• We have evaluated the effects of the acute administration of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, on the expression of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase mRNAs in several brain areas of rats [17].
• Ketamine enhances the expression of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase mRNAs in rat brain [17].
• Nascent VLDL from liver perfusions of cynomolgus monkeys are preferentially enriched in RRR- compared with SRR-alpha-tocopherol: studies using deuterated tocopherols [18].
• Unlike plasma RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations, which are maintained by the preferential incorporation of RRR-alpha-tocopherol into VLDL by the liver, beta-carotene increased and decreased in VLDL similarly to SRR-alpha-tocopherol, a stereoisomer whose concentrations are not maintained in plasma [19].

Physical interactions of SRR

• Serine racemase binds to PICK1: potential relevance to schizophrenia [20].

Regulatory relationships of SRR

• These data indicate that proinflammatory stimuli utilize a signal transduction pathway culminating in activator protein-1 activation to induce expression of serine racemase [21].

Other interactions of SRR

• METHODS: Expression of serine racemase in placenta was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and northern analysis and confirmed by subsequent cloning [22].
• Effects of MK-801 on the expression of serine racemase and d-amino acid oxidase mRNAs and on the d-serine levels in rat brain [14].
• Though the three LTK proteins showed high homology, the region that most distinguished LTK1 from LTK2 and LTK3 was found in the extracellular domain, in the SRR [23].
• Lung cancer morbidity was significantly elevated at the affiliated plants versus the parent plants (SRR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.07-4.92), and all-cancer morbidity was significantly elevated for maintenance workers compared to office and production workers (SRR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.00-1.60) [4].
• Hemispheric asymmetry of EDA-2 pathway, which is represented by shorter SRR latency in the right hand of the right hand responders, was also distorted with CPEMFs [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of SRR

• The salvage microdissection TESE SRR was not related to the interval between TESEs [25].
• SRR and AP were measured using respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) [26].
• For the Wallstents ICUS showed a higher SSI (2D, 0.95 +/- 0.04 vs 0.85 +/- 0.09; p < 0.001; 3D, 0.90 +/- 0.09 vs 0.82 +/- 0.11, p < 0.05) and a lower SRR (2D, 0.66 +/- 0.12 vs 0.81 +/- 0.13, p < 0.005; 3D, 0.63 +/- 0.14 vs 0.74 +/- 0.15, p < 0.05) than for the Palmaz-Schatz stents [27].
• By comparison with a control group, the RR of lung cancer was 5.32 (p < 0.01), and the SRR of lung cancer was 4.2 (p < 0.01), significantly higher than those of a control group [28].
• Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot and in situ hybridization techniques were employed to clarify the presence of serine racemase in the primary cultures of rat neurons [29].

References