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Gene Review:

ddl - D-alanyl-alanine synthetase A

Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4

Enright, M.C. et al., Kawamura, Y. et al., Brigante, G. et al., Marimón, J.M. et al.

Enright, Spratt, Kawamura, Whiley, Shu, Ezaki, Hardie,

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Disease relevance of ddl

Extensive variation in the ddl gene of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae results from a hitchhiking effect driven by the penicillin-binding protein 2b gene [1].
An internal fragment of the ddl gene, encoding the cytoplasmic enzyme D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase, was sequenced from 566 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and single isolates of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis [1].
The species-specific amplification product of the ddl gene was successfully detected in Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii, but failed to be detected in some strains of Streptococcus oralis including the type strain and S. mitis [2].

High impact information on ddl

In addition, an association between the pbp2b RFLP patterns, the ddl alleles identified by MLST and the dhfr alleles was found [3].
Molecular methods (sequencing of 16S rRNA and zwf and gki genes and ddl gene amplification) were used to investigate discordant results [4].

References

Extensive variation in the ddl gene of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae results from a hitchhiking effect driven by the penicillin-binding protein 2b gene. Enright, M.C., Spratt, B.G. Mol. Biol. Evol. (1999) [Pubmed]
Genetic approaches to the identification of the mitis group within the genus Streptococcus. Kawamura, Y., Whiley, R.A., Shu, S.E., Ezaki, T., Hardie, J.M. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) (1999) [Pubmed]
Molecular epidemiology and variants of the multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Spain14-5 international clone among Spanish clinical isolates. Marimón, J.M., Pérez-Trallero, E., Ercibengoa, M., Gonzalez, A., Fenoll, A. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2006) [Pubmed]
Use of the Phoenix Automated System for Identification of Streptococcus and Enterococcus spp. Brigante, G., Luzzaro, F., Bettaccini, A., Lombardi, G., Meacci, F., Pini, B., Stefani, S., Toniolo, A. J. Clin. Microbiol. (2006) [Pubmed]

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