- Structural analysis of the 5' flanking region of the beta-globin gene in African sickle cell anemia patients: further evidence for three origins of the sickle cell mutation in Africa. Chebloune, Y., Pagnier, J., Trabuchet, G., Faure, C., Verdier, G., Labie, D., Nigon, V. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1988)