Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)

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Metzen, E. et al.

Metzen, Berchner-Pfannschmidt, Stengel, Marxsen, Stolze, Klinger, Huang, Wotzlaw, Hellwig-Bürgel, Jelkmann, Acker, Fandrey,

Intracellular localisation of human HIF-1 alpha hydroxylases: implications for oxygen sensing.

Hypoxia-inducible factor1 (HIF-1) is an essential transcription factor for cellular adaptation to decreased oxygen availability. In normoxia the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of HIF-1 is hydroxylated on Pro564 and Pro402 and thus targeted for proteasomal degradation. Three human oxygen-dependent HIF-1 alpha prolyl hydroxylases (PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3) function as oxygen sensors in vivo. Furthermore, the asparagine hydroxylase FIH-1 (factor inhibiting HIF) has been found to hydroxylate Asp803 of the HIF-1 C-terminal transactivation domain, which results in the decreased ability of HIF-1 to bind to the transcriptional coactivator p300/CBP. We have fused these enzymes to the N-terminus of fluorescent proteins and transiently transfected the fusion proteins into human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS). Three-dimensional 2-photon confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that PHD1 was exclusively present in the nucleus, PHD2 and FIH-1 were mainly located in the cytoplasm and PHD3 was homogeneously distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus. Hypoxia did not influence the localisation of any enzyme under investigation. In contrast to FIH-1, each PHD inhibited nuclear HIF-1 alpha accumulation in hypoxia. All hydroxylases suppressed activation of a cotransfected hypoxia-responsive luciferase reporter gene. Endogenous PHD2mRNA and PHD3mRNA were hypoxia-inducible, whereas expression of PHD1mRNA and FIH-1mRNA was oxygen independent. We propose that PHDs and FIH-1 form an oxygen sensor cascade of distinct subcellular localisation.[1]

References

Intracellular localisation of human HIF-1 alpha hydroxylases: implications for oxygen sensing. Metzen, E., Berchner-Pfannschmidt, U., Stengel, P., Marxsen, J.H., Stolze, I., Klinger, M., Huang, W.Q., Wotzlaw, C., Hellwig-Bürgel, T., Jelkmann, W., Acker, H., Fandrey, J. J. Cell. Sci. (2003) [Pubmed]

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