Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)

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Hirose, M. et al.

Effects of phenolic antioxidants in low dose combination on forestomach carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.

The combined effects of low doses of promoters or carcinogens on two-stage forestomach carcinogenesis were examined in rats pretreated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Groups of 15 rats were given a single 150 mg/kg body weight intragastric dose of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Starting 1 week later they were fed a diet containing low doses of known forestomach promoters/carcinogens (0.5% caffeic acid, 0.2% catechol, 0.5% butylated hydroxyanisole, or 0.25% 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), alone or in combination, or basal diet without antioxidant supplement for 35 weeks. Histopathological examination revealed the incidences of forestomach squamous cell carcinomas in animals treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine followed by caffeic acid, catechol, butylated hydroxyanisole, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and basal diet to be 27, 20, 13, 13, and 7%, respectively, whereas the incidence increased to 80% by the combined treatment with these four chemicals. The present results thus show that although the low doses of individual promoters/carcinogens did not have significant promoting activity, their combination exerted a strong enhancing influence on rat forestomach carcinogenesis. The findings indicate the importance of summation and synergism at a low dose for agents present in the human environment.[1]

References

Effects of phenolic antioxidants in low dose combination on forestomach carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Hirose, M., Mutai, M., Takahashi, S., Yamada, M., Fukushima, S., Ito, N. Cancer Res. (1991) [Pubmed]

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