Disease relevance of AOC2

• In situ hybridization revealed that mRNA coding for RAO is expressed preferentially in the ganglion cell layer of the mouse retina [1].
• Ejection fraction, %deltaD, and Vcf by LAO cineangiograms and echo were uniformly higher than corresponding measurements from RAO angio, and were often normal in the presence of other indicators of significant left ventricular dysfunction [2].
• Using a scintillation camera interfaced to a computer, infarct images were made in the anterior, left lateral, LAO, and RAO projections, 48 hours after infarction and 75 to 90 min following the intravenous injection of 15 mCi of Technetium 99m pyrophosphate (Tc-PYP) [3].
• We examined the effects of cyclic AMP (cAMP) on the growth and differentiation of RAO 188 cells, a cultured cell line derived from a retinoblastoma-like tumor induced in an inbred rat by intravitreous inoculation with human adenovirus serotype 12 [4].
• The permanent deficits were due to retinal artery occlusions (RAO) in 20 patients (4%), ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) in eight patients (1.5%), and homonymous hemianopsia (HH) in four patients (0.7%) [5].

High impact information on AOC2

• The degree of inward motion at mid-ejection was examined for seven segments on the silhouettes of left ventriculograms taken in the 30 degrees RAO projection in patients with normal coronary arteries [6].
• The RAO was in the 30 degree projection, with the silhouette of the left ventricle sliced into 90 regions; changes in left ventricular volume, pressure and anterior wall thickness during the full cardiac cycle, together with dp/dt were demonstrated [7].
• Angiographic LV wall thickness and muscle mass were determined according to the technique of Rackley in both, right (RAO) and left (LAO) anterior oblique projections, whereas echocardiographic wall thickness was measured just below the mitral valve orthogonal to the posterior wall (= LAO equivalent) [8].
• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured in 28 patients by 30 degrees RAO first-pass imaging and by "best septal view" LAO planar equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography on a conventional small field of view Anger camera [9].
• Thallium-201 imaging using SPECT is being done with 180 degrees (RAO to LPO) data collection in some centers with single-gamma camera systems [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of AOC2

• Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined by the 95th percentile of control plasma homocysteine levels as 15.8 micromol/l. Twenty (19.1%) patients with RAO exceeded this level and were therefore classified as hyperhomocysteinemic compared with 5 (4.8%) control subjects (P =.003) [11].
• CONCLUSIONS:: Elevated glutamate levels in aqueous humor may indicate diffusion of vitreous glutamate released from the damaged retina due to acute retinal ischemia in RAO [12].

Biological context of AOC2

• The presence of human and rat AOC pseudogene in this region, in addition to the tandemly positioned two AOC genes, indicates the possibility of successful AOC3 replication to retina-specific AOC2 for human and mouse but unsuccessful for rat [13].
• Our results demonstrated that the copper-binding motif and the enzyme active site of AOC1 and AOC3 were both conserved in mouse AOC2 [13].
• Bacterial artificial chromosome clones containing the human RAO gene (AOC2) were mapped to human chromosome 17q21 (Imamura et al., 1997, Genomics 40: 277-283) [1].
• The human RAO gene spans 6 kb and is composed of four exons corresponding to the amino acid sequence 1-530, 530-598, 598-641, and 642-729 separated by three introns of 3000, 310, and 351 bp [1].
• The RAO gene (AOC2) was mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization to human chromosome 17q21 [14].

Anatomical context of AOC2

• Real-time quantitative PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the specific expression of AOC2 in the mouse retina and especially in the retinal ganglion cells [13].
• The 45-degree RAO, compared to the 30-degree RAO view, allowed a true tangential view of the mitral valve and provided a large "clear area" between the mitral valve and descending aorta, which improved the ability to quantify mitral regurgitation [15].
• METHODS: The study group consisted of 21 consecutive patients with retinal artery occlusion (RAO) in whom Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid arteries and transthoracic or transoesophageal echocardiography were normal [16].
• The mean distances between (1) the successful ablation site and the His bundle recording site and (2) between the CSO and the His-bundle recording site were 24 +/- 1 and 28 +/- 1 mm in the RAO and 23 +/- 1 and 28 +/- 1 mm in the LAO projections, respectively [17].
• CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that altered haemorheological parameters, especially increased thrombocyte reactivity and vascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension, are non-embolic causes of vascular disease in a significant number of patients with RAO [18].

Associations of AOC2 with chemical compounds

• Tc-99m DTPA was injected into an antecubital vein, with data acquisition in the 30 degrees RAO projection by a gamma scintillation camera interfaced to a computer [19].
• Therefore the efficacy of fixed imaging planes (transverse, coronal, sagittal, 30-degree RAO equivalent, and 60-degree LAO equivalent) in imaging coronary arteries was compared to that of oblique planes defined by the operator on a previously obtained image [20].
• RESULTS: Mean plasma homocysteine levels were significantly higher in patients with RAO compared with control subjects (12.2 +/- 4.8 micromol/l vs 10.3 +/- 3.4 micromol/l; P =.003) [11].
• An increase in the extracellular glutamate level may play an important role in ischemic retinal damage in RAO [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of AOC2

• Gamma camera acquisitions were made in the 30 degree RAO projection using a 20 mCi I.V. bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate [21].
• Allowance for spatial and temporal variations in background is therefore important when first-pass radionuclide angiography is performed in the RAO view [22].
• The aim of this study was to apply the comet assay to equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and identify two conditions in which we hypothesized that oxidative DNA damage would be increased in PBMCs: aging and equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO, a condition similar to human asthma) [23].
• Biplane 30-degree RAO and 60-degree LAO RV selective cineangiography was performed in 21 patients with significant ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia in 14, salvos in three, and complex PVCs in seven) and a high presumption of arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia (ARVD), and in a control group of 10 presumed normal individuals [24].
• Twenty four hours before heart catheterization, cross-sectional echocardiograms were recorded in the apical RAO-equivalent view and high quality echocardiograms were obtained in 71/80 patients (89%) [25].

References