- CTLA-4-/- mice display T cell-apoptosis resistance resembling that ascribed to autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Bergman, M.L., Cilio, C.M., Penha-Gonçalves, C., Lamhamedi-Cherradi, S.E., Löfgren, A., Colucci, F., Lejon, K., Garchon, H.J., Holmberg, D. J. Autoimmun. (2001)