Minimal olfactory perception during sleep: why odor alarms will not work for humans.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine olfactory arousal threshold during sleep in comparison to an auditory tone. DESIGN: On night 1, participants rated odor intensity when awake and experienced olfactory stimuli during stage 1 sleep. Night 2 involved stage 2, stage 4, and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep trials using the "staircase" threshold-detection method. Electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and respiration were recorded along with behavioral response. An 800-Hz tone was given on trials when odors failed to arouse. SETTING: Participants slept in individual rooms. Stimulus-delivery systems were operated from a separate room, where an experimenter observed physiologic recordings and behavioral responses. PARTICIPANTS: Three healthy men and 3 women aged 20 to 25 years (mean, 22 years). INTERVENTIONS: Two odorants, peppermint and pyridine, at 4 concentrations were presented through nasal cannulas using an air-dilution olfactometer. Tones were played over a speaker. MEASUREMENTS: Behavioral (button press and oral) responses, electroencephalographic activation, and changes in breathing and heart rate were assessed. RESULTS: Participants responded to odors on 92% of stage 1 sleep trials. Peppermint was ineffective in stages 2, 4, and REM sleep. Pyridine produced behavioral threshold on 45% of stage 2 trials, none in stage 4, and one third of REM sleep trials. Tones were effective on at least 75% of trials. Heart rate increased significantly only following behavioral responses to odors or tones across sleep stages. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that human olfaction is not reliably capable of alerting a sleeper.[1]References
- Minimal olfactory perception during sleep: why odor alarms will not work for humans. Carskadon, M.A., Herz, R.S. Sleep. (2004) [Pubmed]
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