Disease relevance of traP

• Genetic competence in both Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as virulence in Staphylococcus aureus, are regulated by quorum-sensing mechanisms that use two-component signal transduction systems to respond to extracellular peptide pheromones [1].
• Both sulfatides and anti-L-selectin antibody effects were not inhibited by pertussis toxin, thus indicating that a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein was not involved in signal transduction [2].
• A genomic analysis of two-component signal transduction in Streptococcus pneumoniae [3].
• Quorum sensing by peptide pheromones and two-component signal-transduction systems in Gram-positive bacteria [4].
• Separate deletions of eight other loci led in each case to a dramatic attenuation of growth in a mouse respiratory tract infection model, suggesting that these signal transduction systems are important for the in vivo adaptation and pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae [3].

High impact information on traP

• Integrin ligation activates both cell adhesion and signal transduction, in part through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton [5].
• Deficiency of plastin thus separates the classical integrin receptor functions of adhesion and spreading from intracellular signal transduction [5].
• Although S. aureus was suggested to induce apoptosis, the underlying signal transduction pathways remained elusive [6].
• The secondary structural changes in the BlaR1 receptor conformation that occur as a consequence of this acylation/decarboxylation are predicted to correlate to the signal transduction event accomplished by this receptor [7].
• These findings indicate that the functional consequences of binding (ligation) of conventional antigen and of superantigen with the T-cell receptor are distinct in the context of both signal transduction pathways and participation of CD4 molecules [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of traP

• Equivalence of lauric acid and glycerol monolaurate as inhibitors of signal transduction in Staphylococcus aureus [9].
• In an attempt to examine the structural role of TRAP in the signal transduction pathway, TRAP from Staphylococcus aureus was overexpressed, purified and crystallized using PEG 8000 and 5% Jeffamine M600 (pH 7.0), as precipitants by hanging-drop vapour diffusion methods at 287 K [10].

Biological context of traP

• Taken together, our data demonstrate that TNF gene expression in monocytes induced by different types of stimuli can be blocked by gangliosides at an early step of signal transduction [11].
• Furthermore, TRAP phosphorylation is down-regulated in the presence of AIP, suggesting that a network of signal transduction pathways regulate S. aureus pathogenesis [12].
• These observations suggest that the generation of ceramide from sphingomyelin is part of the signal transduction pathway activated in response to progesterone and that the increase in ceramide is likely to be functionally important in resumption of the meiotic cell cycle [13].
• Because this monokine provides an obligatory signal during macrophage-dependent T cell activation, evasion of signal transduction for IL 1 synthesis may be related to defects in cell-mediated immunity which occur during infections with this organism [14].
• In this signal transduction pathway, extracellular inducers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha cause hydrolysis of membrane SM, resulting in the generation of the lipid second messenger ceramide [15].

Anatomical context of traP

• The differential sensitivity of B cell responses to inhibitors of PI 3-kinase supports the notion that distinct signal transduction pathways are involved in differentiation vs proliferation of normal human B lymphocytes [16].
• Signal transduction events have been evaluated in human neutrophils stimulated with immune complexes consisting of polyclonal rabbit antibody complexed with BSA [17].
• To determine the putative role of this sequence in TCR.CD3 complex assembly and signal transduction, a TCRbeta chain cDNA was mutated in the C-terminal tyrosine of the motif, cloned in an expression vector, and transfected into TCRbeta-negative Jurkat cells [18].
• Whether binding of LTA and whole GPB to macrophages initiates uptake and degradation or results in signal transduction remains to be determined [19].
• PURPOSE: To identify signal transduction pathways and gene expression induced by the bacterial cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in human corneal keratocytes [20].

Associations of traP with chemical compounds

• These data suggest that anti-kappa R-(33-52) 1) does not interact with the effector binding site of the receptor, but sterically interferes with U50,488H binding to the receptor; and/or 2) the antiserum interacts with a secondary binding site that is important for ligand binding, but may not be involved in signal transduction [21].
• Despite this anomaly, the B cells from group II were able to progress through the cell cycle after stimulation with a combination of phorbol ester and ionomycin in complete medium, suggesting an impairment in BCR and CD40 early signal transduction [22].
• These observations suggest that the cell wall stress stimulon is induced by inhibition of the process of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and the inhibitory effects of glycerol monolaurate indicate that gene expression is dependent on a signal transduction pathway [23].
• An inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, genistein, reduced MAC-T internalization of S. aureus by 95%, indicating a requirement for a host signal transduction system in this process [24].
• Signal transduction studies with different inhibitors suggest that this one-way synergism is caused by an interaction between the cAMP and the PIP2 signaling pathway [25].

Other interactions of traP

• This study demonstrates the role of sarA as a signal transduction regulatory component in response to aeration stimuli and suggests that sarA functions as a major repressor of protease activity [26].
• The P2 operon sequence, reported here, contains 4 open reading frames, agrA, C, D, and B, of which A and C appear to encode proteins of a classical 2-component signal transduction pathway [27].
• Furthermore, SarA plays a role in signal transduction in response to microaerobic growth since levels of hla were much lower in a microaerobic environment than after aerobic growth in the sarA mutant [26].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of traP

• We investigated the specificity for gram-negative stimuli as well as the contribution of signal transduction pathways for leukocyte hyporesponsiveness in sepsis or following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [28].
• While quorum-sensing signal molecules have been detected in tissues in experimental animal model and human infections, the mutation of genes involved in either quorum-sensing signal generation or signal transduction frequently results in the attenuation of virulence [29].

References