- Expression of TNF-alpha by herpes simplex virus-infected macrophages is regulated by a dual mechanism: transcriptional regulation by NF-kappa B and activating transcription factor 2/Jun and translational regulation through the AU-rich region of the 3' untranslated region. Paludan, S.R., Ellermann-Eriksen, S., Kruys, V., Mogensen, S.C. J. Immunol. (2001)