- Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction. Fitzgerald, K.A., Palsson-McDermott, E.M., Bowie, A.G., Jefferies, C.A., Mansell, A.S., Brady, G., Brint, E., Dunne, A., Gray, P., Harte, M.T., McMurray, D., Smith, D.E., Sims, J.E., Bird, T.A., O'Neill, L.A. Nature (2001)