Disease relevance of Immune System

• Multiple defects in the immune system of Lyn-deficient mice, culminating in autoimmune disease [1].
• Here we show that, during colonization of animals with the ubiquitous gut microorganism Bacteroides fragilis, a bacterial polysaccharide (PSA) directs the cellular and physical maturation of the developing immune system [2].
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can bring about total collapse of the immune system by infecting helper T lymphocytes which express CD4, the molecule which mediates interaction between the cell surface and viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (refs 3-10) [3].
• Bone resorption is regulated by the immune system, where T-cell expression of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand), a member of the tumour-necrosis factor family that is essential for osteoclastogenesis, may contribute to pathological conditions, such as autoimmune arthritis [4].
• The immune system is central in the pathogenesis of scrapie and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or 'prion' diseases [5].

Psychiatry related information on Immune System

• The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of host defense mechanisms [6].
• Although the common mucosal immune system has generally been considered to have only short-term memory, recent data suggest that long-term memory exists for Shigella virulence plasmid antigens [7].
• BACKGROUND: The immune system is important in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, and emotional stress has precipitated vitiligo in some patients [8].
• Interestingly, immunization of AD mice with amyloid beta-peptide can stimulate the immune system to remove amyloid from the brain and can ameliorate memory deficits, suggesting that it may be possible to prevent AD by bolstering immune function [9].
• We show that otherwise non-infected bumblebees whose immune systems were challenged by a non-pathogenic immunogenic elicitor (lipopolysaccharide) have reduced abilities to learn or recall a memory in a classical conditioning paradigm [10].

High impact information on Immune System

• It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future [11].
• Analyses of genetically modified mice in which SOCS proteins are overexpressed or deleted have established that this family of negative regulators has indispensable roles in regulating cytokine responses in cells of the immune system as well as other tissues [12].
• Control of apoptosis in the immune system: Bcl-2, BH3-only proteins and more [13].
• A functional immune system requires the selection of T lymphocytes expressing receptors that are major histocompatibility complex restricted but tolerant to self-antigens [14].
• First, thanks to the innate immune system's regulation of the main costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, the immune system rarely mistakes a pathogen for a self-antigen [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Immune System

• Septic shock results from excessive stimulation of the host immune system, especially macrophages, by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, which resides on the outer membrane of bacteria [16].
• The continued progression of exophthalmos in the propylthiouracil-treated group may be related to effects of propylthiouracil on the immune system [17].
• We have analyzed how the immune system generates antibodies that are specific for analogues of an epitope on the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) that differ solely by the presence of Asp or Gly at amino acid 225 [18].
• The stimulated tumor growth may have been mediated by a direct effect of levamisole on the lymphoma cells, through an effect on other cell types, or by both effects; these effects apparently outweighed potentially beneficial effects of levamisole on the immune system [19].
• The tolerizing agent cyclophosphamide was used to suppress the immune system in mice to dominant immunodeterminants present on a non-metastatic variant (M-) of the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (HEp3) [20].

Biological context of Immune System

• CD81 (TAPA-1): a molecule involved in signal transduction and cell adhesion in the immune system [21].
• NFAT is also notable for its ability to bind cooperatively with transcription factors of the AP-1 (Fos/Jun) family to composite NFAT:AP-1 sites, found in the regulatory regions of many genes that are inducibly transcribed by immune-system cells [22].
• Among the numerous steroid and orphan nuclear receptors encoded within mammalian genomes, several are involved in regulating immune system functions [23].
• Recent data indicate that at least two of these, the Wnt and the Notch cascades, have been recruited by the vertebrate immune system to control early lymphopoiesis [24].
• Programmed cell death (apoptosis) mediated by the cytokine receptor Fas is critical for the removal of autoreactive T cells, the mechanism of immune privilege, and for maintenance of immune-system homeostasis [25].

Anatomical context of Immune System

• The alterations of the immune system are characterized by a high number of activated T and B cells, elevated immunoglobulin secretion, anti-colon antibodies, and aberrant expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules [26].
• DNA containing unmethylated cytidyl guanosyl (CpG) sequences, which are underrepresented in mammalian genomes but prevalent in prokaryotes, is endocytosed by cells of the innate immune system, including macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells, and activates a pathway involving Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) [27].
• In vivo MHC class II antigen expression by canine endothelial cells is therefore dependent on factors, probably the lymphokine gamma-interferon produced by the immune system, whose secretion is inhibited by cyclosporin A [28].
• FasL--too much of a good thing? Transplanted grafts of pancreatic islet cells engineered to express Fas ligand are destroyed not protected by the immune system [29].
• Flagellin, a principal component of bacterial flagella, is a virulence factor that is recognized by the innate immune system in organisms as diverse as flies, plants and mammals [30].

Associations of Immune System with chemical compounds

• The effects of cyclosporin A on the immune system [31].
• Thus complement activation through MBL, like the classical pathway, involves two serine proteases and may antedate the development of the specific immune system of vertebrates [32].
• We propose that, in addition to acquired immune responses, the innate immune system and complement (C3a in particular) are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma [33].
• Role of the inositol phosphatase SHIP in negative regulation of the immune system by the receptor Fc(gamma)RIIB [34].
• It is essential in the male gonads, and in both sexes, estrogen has functions in the skeleton and central nervous system, on behavior, and in the cardiovascular and immune systems [35].

Gene context of Immune System

• SH2D1A is expressed in many tissues involved in the immune system [36].
• In the immune system, VESPR, a member of the Plexin family, is a receptor for a viral-encoded Semaphorin [37].
• Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic lymphokine which plays an important role in the immune system [38].
• The T-cell-specific cell-surface receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 are important regulators of the immune system [39].
• Our results indicate that ICOS is another major regulator of the adaptive immune system [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Immune System

• Rip2 is therefore a signal transducer and integrator of signals for both the innate and adaptive immune systems [40].
• Recent molecular definition of several transplantation antigens suggests that they are by-products of an immune system poised to present viral antigens, and a mutation in any gene may give rise to a new minor histocompatibility antigen [41].
• Short courses of CD4/CD8 monoclonal antibody can be used to guide the immune system of experimental animals to accept organ grafts and to arrest autoimmunity [42].
• Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade [43].
• Much progress has been made in defining the mechanisms by which altered systolic and diastolic function of the heart may be produced by components of the immune system activated during allograft rejection and myocarditis and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy [44].

References