Disease relevance of Phenylacetylglutamine

• Synthesis and subsequent evaluation of p-OH-PP as an inhibitor of estrogen stimulated MCF-7 (E3) human breast cancer cell growth demonstrated that p-OH-PP was more active than both PP and its hydrolysis product phenylacetylglutamine [1].

High impact information on Phenylacetylglutamine

• Liver glutamine was sampled with phenylacetate and its labelling pattern determined (mass spectrometry) after purification of the glutamine moiety of urinary phenylacetylglutamine [2].
• The (14)C- or (13)C-labeling pattern of the glutamate moiety of phenylacetylglutamine can be measured by sequential degradations to (14)CO(2), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [3].
• In humans and primates, hepatic glutamate can be sampled noninvasively via urinary phenylacetylglutamine, which is formed in liver from phenylacetate (a side product of phenylalanine catabolism) and glutamine (which equilibrates with liver glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate) [3].
• This phase I study examined the pharmacokinetics of phenylbutyrate and characterized the disposition of the two metabolites, phenylacetate and phenylacetylglutamine [4].
• We present nuclear magnetic resonance assays for the urinary concentration of phenylacetylglutamine and for the 13C-labeling pattern of its glutamine moiety [5].

Biological context of Phenylacetylglutamine

• Phenylacetylglutamine decreases genomic instability and expression of oncogenes and promotes apoptosis [6].

Associations of Phenylacetylglutamine with other chemical compounds

• The mixture of phenylacetylglutamine and phenylacetylisoglutamine in the ratio of 4 to 1 was formulated as Antineoplaston A10 injectable formulation [7].
• The mixture of phenylacetylglutamine and phenylacetic acid in the ratio of 1 to 4 was also shown to have antitumor effect in tissue culture study, then formulated as Antineoplaston AS2-1 [7].

Gene context of Phenylacetylglutamine

• The effect appeared specific since a hydrolysis product of A10, phenylacetylglutamine, demonstrated no growth inhibitory activity at similar concentrations in MCF-7 (E3) cells in vitro [8].
• Our data validate the use of phenylacetylglutamine labeled from [3-13C]lactate or [3-13C]pyruvate to probe noninvasively the pyruvate carboxylase-to-pyruvate dehydrogenase flux ratio in human subjects [9].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Phenylacetylglutamine

• The concentrations of PAA and its inactive metabolite, phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), were measured using a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay with ultraviolet detection [10].
• A reverse phase HPLC method for the quantitative determination of phenylacetylglutamine in plasma ultrafiltrates is described [11].
• Because over 90% of total urine PAA in humans is conjugated, it is concluded that over 50% of urine phenylacetylglutamine may be derived from kidney conjugation of free plasma PAA and/or from the kidney's preferential filtration of conjugated PAA as contrasted with free PAA [12].

References