Disease relevance of PARAQUAT

• However, though compounds 2 and 3 catalyzed the production of O2-. in E. coli cells, their activity of O2-. production was much lower than that of compound 1 or PQ2+ [1].
• Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium, PQ) is a herbicide to possibly induce Parkinson's disease (PD), since a strong correlation has been found between the incidence of the disease and the amount of PQ used [2].
• Mild poisoning occurs after the ingestion or injection of less than 20 mg of paraquat ion/kg body weight [3].
• This lends support to the general experience that the primary target organ for paraquat (PQ) toxicity is the lung [4].

High impact information on PARAQUAT

• The Km was not appreciably changed for DHAD that was 50 and 70% inactivated in cells, respectively, by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and PQ, compared to cells in exponential, aerobic growth [5].
• Addition of compounds 1, 2, and 3 to aerobic E. coli cell suspensions caused extracellular ferricytochrome c reduction, which was inhibited by superoxide dismutase in the same manner as that in the case of PQ2+ [1].
• DAergic neurons, as a population, are inherently vulnerable to oxidative stress, and the disruption of antioxidant systems by the fungicide MB may contribute to the neurodegeneration of these cells, especially with concurrent exposures to other environmentally relevant oxidative stressors, such as PQ [6].
• Zn, which bound to MT induced by PQ, was displaced by the administration of Cd [7].
• The distribution of the non-selective herbicide paraquat was examined in the brain following subcutaneous administration of 20 mg kg-1 paraquat ion containing [14C]paraquat to male adult rats in order to determine whether paraquat crosses the blood/brain barrier [8].

Anatomical context of PARAQUAT

• The mechanism(s) by which paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium), a divalent organic cation (OC) and proximal tubule nephrotoxicant, crosses renal cell membranes is unclear [9].

Associations of PARAQUAT with other chemical compounds

• The least resistant were Illusion by Ortho-Organizers, Intrigue by Lancer Orthodontics, and Starfire TMB by "A"-Co [10].

Gene context of PARAQUAT

• Highest %T values (Mean +/- 1 SD) were obtained from a monocrystal type of bracket (Starfire ["A" Company, San Diego, Calif.] 35.02 +/- 1.59%), followed by a polycrystalline (Fascination [Dentaurum, Pforzhein, Germany] 5.70 +/- 1.41%) and a ceramic/polycarbonate base one (Ceramaflex [TP Orthodontics, Inc., La Porte, Ind.] 4.02 +/- 0.96%) [11].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PARAQUAT

• Both the radioimmunoassay and lung slice experiments indicate that an equivalent of 1 mg of IgG is required to bind 2.5 micrograms of paraquat ion [12].
• At a ligation force of 500 g, the Starfire bracket gave the greatest frictional resistance [13].

References