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Gene Review:

ETH - Ecdysis triggering hormone

Drosophila melanogaster

Synonyms: CG18105, DmETH, Dmel\CG18105, Drm-ETH-1, Drm-ETH-2, ...

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Psychiatry related information on ETH

The ETH signaling system in insects is a vital system that provides opportunities for the construction of models for the molecular basis of stereotypic animal behavior as well as a target for the design of more sophisticated insect-selective pest control strategies [1].

High impact information on ETH

This article summarizes the current model of peptide regulation of ecdysis, a model that is based on a positive feedback loop between ETH and a brain peptide, eclosion hormone [2].
The report in 1996 of a new ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) sparked an era of significant advances in our understanding of the regulation of molting [2].
In vitro exposure of isolated Inka cells to corazonin (25-100 pM) induces preecdysis- and ecdysis-triggering hormone secretion [3].
Blood-borne ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) activates the behavioral sequence through direct actions on the central nervous system [4].
The receptor was not activated by Drosophila neuropeptides, containing a C-terminal PRIamide sequence (such as ecdysis-triggering-hormone-2), or PRVamide (such as capa-1 and -2), or other neuropeptides and biogenic amines not related to the pyrokinins [5].

Biological context of ETH

RESULTS: To elucidate neural substrates underlying the ecdysis sequence, we identified neurons expressing ETH receptors (ETHRs) in Drosophila [4].

Anatomical context of ETH

We show that EH and ETH both contribute to the air filling of the air ducts (trachea) of the next stage but that EH may play a primary role in this process [6].

Associations of ETH with chemical compounds

These Inka cells release the peptide ecdysis-triggering hormone, which helps elicit ecdysial behavior at the molt, and we show that they are also recognized by the myomodulin (MM) antibody [7].

Other interactions of ETH

Finally, we confirm that flies lacking EH neurons do not ecdyse prematurely when injected with ETH peptides [6].
The receptor was also activated by other Drosophila neuropeptides, terminating with the sequence PRLamide (Hug-gamma, ecdysis-triggering-hormone-1, pyrokinin-2), but in these cases about six to eight times higher concentrations were needed [5].
For the tachykinin precursor, the ecdysis-triggering hormone precursor and the allatostatin-C precursor, translation of the predicted neuropeptides in neural tissues was confirmed with mass spectrometric techniques [8].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ETH

However, our enzyme immunoassays show that these antisera cross-react with PETH and ETH [9].

References

Two subtypes of ecdysis-triggering hormone receptor in Drosophila melanogaster. Park, Y., Kim, Y.J., Dupriez, V., Adams, M.E. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) [Pubmed]
Integration of endocrine signals that regulate insect ecdysis. Mesce, K.A., Fahrbach, S.E. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. (2002) [Pubmed]
Corazonin receptor signaling in ecdysis initiation. Kim, Y.J., Spalovská-Valachová, I., Cho, K.H., Zitnanova, I., Park, Y., Adams, M.E., Zitnan, D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
A command chemical triggers an innate behavior by sequential activation of multiple peptidergic ensembles. Kim, Y.J., Zitnan, D., Galizia, C.G., Cho, K.H., Adams, M.E. Curr. Biol. (2006) [Pubmed]
The Drosophila gene CG9918 codes for a pyrokinin-1 receptor. Cazzamali, G., Torp, M., Hauser, F., Williamson, M., Grimmelikhuijzen, C.J. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2005) [Pubmed]
Neuroendocrine control of larval ecdysis behavior in Drosophila: complex regulation by partially redundant neuropeptides. Clark, A.C., del Campo, M.L., Ewer, J. J. Neurosci. (2004) [Pubmed]
A peritracheal neuropeptide system in insects: release of myomodulin-like peptides at ecdysis. O'Brien, M.A., Taghert, P.H. J. Exp. Biol. (1998) [Pubmed]
Annotation of novel neuropeptide precursors in the migratory locust based on transcript screening of a public EST database and mass spectrometry. Clynen, E., Huybrechts, J., Verleyen, P., De Loof, A., Schoofs, L. BMC Genomics (2006) [Pubmed]
Conservation of ecdysis-triggering hormone signalling in insects. Zitnan, D., Zitnanová, I., Spalovská, I., Takác, P., Park, Y., Adams, M.E. J. Exp. Biol. (2003) [Pubmed]

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