Disease relevance of Antheraxanthin

• The E. coli expressed enzyme de-epoxidizes violaxanthin sequentially to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin, and is inhibited by dithiothreitol, similar to VDE purified from chloroplasts [1].

High impact information on Antheraxanthin

• The fusion and/or translocation activity is characterized by complementation due to the synthesis of capsanthin and the parallel decrease of antheraxanthin when the two types of vesicles are incubated together in the presence of plastid stroma [2].
• The deepoxidized xanthophylls zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, together with a low pH within the photosynthetic membrane, facilitate the harmless dissipation of excess excitation energy directly within the light-collecting chlorophyll antennae [3].
• The zea1 mutant lacked antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin from its thylakoid membranes but constitutively accumulated Z instead [4].
• Under mild temperature conditions, high concentrations of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin were associated with lower electron transport rates (ETR) [5].
• The NPQ kinetics are found to resemble the kinetics of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin formation during a dark to light transition [6].

Biological context of Antheraxanthin

• Non-photochemical quenching kinetics during the dark to light transition in relation to the formation of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin [6].
• Barley leaves were exposed for several min to a white light of photon flux density 1000 micromol m-2 s-1, leading to a massive conversion of the xanthophyll violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin in the absence of lipid peroxidation [7].

Anatomical context of Antheraxanthin

• Antheraxanthin was present in fatty tissue only [8].

Associations of Antheraxanthin with other chemical compounds

• Its action is still not well understood on the molecular level.Our model makes it possible to follow independently the kinetics of the two de-epoxidation steps occurring in the xanthophyll cycle: the conversion of violaxanthin into antheraxanthin and the conversion of antheraxanthin into zeaxanthin [9].
• It is concluded that in addition to intrathylakoid acidification, a certain level of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin (or lutein) is absolutely required for the major reversible component of PS II Chl a fluorescence quenching [10].

Gene context of Antheraxanthin

• The lut2 exhibited separate active and inactive pools of antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin with respect to all deepoxidation, epoxidation and fluorescence quenching activities [10].
• Lycopene, lutein, antheraxanthin and violaxanthin had moderate effects, while alfa- and beta-carotene had no effect on the reversal of MDR in the tumor cells [11].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Antheraxanthin

• HPLC analysis revealed that the zea1 mutant lacks neoxanthin (N), violaxanthin (V) and antheraxanthin (A) but constitutively accumulates zeaxanthin (Z) [12].

References