Disease relevance of Adipose Tissue

• To study its role in adipogenesis and obesity, we examined Hmgic expression in the adipose tissue of adult, obese mice [1].
• To test this hypothesis, we measured body weight and fasting lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue in 15 cigarette smokers before they stopped smoking [2].
• Weight gain after cessation of cigarette smoking. A possible role for adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase [2].
• Congenital generalized lipodystrophy, or Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (BSCL), is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a near-absence of adipose tissue from birth or early infancy and severe insulin resistance [3].
• Lipoprotein lipase was measured in gluteal adipose tissue from nine obese (90.6 +/- 2.7 kg) women fasting and after the intravenous infusion of insulin and glucose before, immediately after, and 3 mo subsequent to a 14.0 +/- 1.8% (mean +/- SEM) weight reduction [4].

Psychiatry related information on Adipose Tissue

• In vertebrates, the ability to store sufficient quantities of energy-dense triglyceride in adipose tissue allows survival during the frequent periods of food deprivation encountered during evolution [5].
• Interstitial glycerol and lactate production was measured in the s.c. adipose tissue of two anatomical regions in 10 obese urban black women (BW) and 10 obese urban white women (WW) matched for age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, diet, and physical activity [6].
• Fasting plasma and lipoprotein lipid concentrations, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity, anthropometric data, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, weekly mileage run and performance on a bicycle ergometer were recorded before and after the training period [7].
• The atherosclerosis was not attributable to different dietary habits, as judged from the content of linoleic acid in their adipose tissue [8].
• These data confirm that adipose tissue growth proceeds as suggested by radioactive thymidine incorporation studies and further suggest that a critical period for the onset of lipid filling may begin around 35 days of age [9].

High impact information on Adipose Tissue

• Regulatory elements that control transcription of the PEPCK-C gene in liver, kidney, and adipose tissue have been delineated, and many of the transcription factors that bind to these elements have been identified [10].
• A pericellular collagenase directs the 3-dimensional development of white adipose tissue [11].
• The authors show that remodeling of the extracellular matrix by the matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP contributes to the three-dimensional development of white adipose tissue in mice [12].
• We show here that targeted activation of PPARdelta in adipose tissue specifically induces expression of genes required for fatty acid oxidation and energy dissipation, which in turn leads to improved lipid profiles and reduced adiposity [13].
• In particular, DAF-16 activity in the intestine, which is also the animal's adipose tissue, completely restores the longevity of daf-16(-) germline-deficient animals, and increases the lifespans of daf-16(-) insulin/IGF-1-pathway mutants substantially [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Adipose Tissue

• Obesity resistance and enhanced glucose metabolism in mice transplanted with white adipose tissue lacking acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 [15].
• We conclude that glycerol production from the subcutaneous tissue is increased in obesity, irrespective of adipose tissue distribution [16].
• Insulin-deficient (streptozotocin) diabetes suppressed adipose tissue gamma l and gamma 2 expression by 75% in normal mice with partial restoration during insulin treatment [17].
• Mitochondrial remodeling in adipose tissue associated with obesity and treatment with rosiglitazone [18].
• Treatment of rats with the PPARalpha activator fenofibrate did not change adipose tissue and body weight and had no significant effect on ob mRNA levels [19].

Biological context of Adipose Tissue

• Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, regulates the size of the adipose tissue mass through effects on satiety and energy metabolism [20].
• We show here that a common G/A polymorphism in the UCP2 promoter region is associated with enhanced adipose tissue mRNA expression in vivo and results in increased transcription of a reporter gene in the human adipocyte cell line PAZ-6 [21].
• Because the level of ob gene expression might indicate the size of the adipose depot, we suggest that it is regulated by factors modulating adipose tissue size [22].
• The immune-modulating cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is expressed both in adipose tissue and centrally in hypothalamic nuclei that regulate body composition [23].
• We thus propose that Acrp30 is a potent insulin enhancer linking adipose tissue and whole-body glucose metabolism [24].

Anatomical context of Adipose Tissue

• In genetically predisposed individuals, resistance of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to insulin action precedes the onset of clinical diabetes, and is thought to contribute to hyperglycaemia by leading to impaired beta cell function and increased hepatic glucose production [25].
• The ob gene product may function as part of a signalling pathway from adipose tissue that acts to regulate the size of the body fat depot [26].
• Incorporation of 32Pi into pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate in mitochondria from control and insulin-treated adipose tissue [27].
• Although adipsin is principally synthesized in adipose tissue, it is also produced by sciatic nerve and is found in the bloodstream [28].
• Lactate concentration in the subcutaneous interstitial fluid and adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF, ml/100 g.min) were simultaneously measured with the microdialysis technique combined with 133Xe clearance in the abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue in nine lean and nine obese men [29].

Associations of Adipose Tissue with chemical compounds

• Impaired glucose tolerance in mice with a targeted impairment of insulin action in muscle and adipose tissue [25].
• Low pretreatment lipoprotein-lipase activity in adipose-tissue specimens and postheparin plasma increased to normal with clofibrate, whereas low hepatic triglyceride lipase activity did not change [30].
• VLDL transports triglyceride to peripheral muscle and adipose tissue, where the triglyceride is hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase [31].
• We have observed a dramatic decrease (tenfold) in the steady-state levels of GLUT-4 messenger RNA in adipose tissue from fasted rats or rats made insulin deficient with streptozotocin [32].
• This anti-lipolytic effect of nicotinic acid involves the inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in adipose tissue through a G(i)-protein-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase [33].

Gene context of Adipose Tissue

• Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) is a recently identified member of the mitochondrial transporter superfamily that is expressed in many tissues, including adipose tissue [21].
• Consistent with the observed reduction of adipose tissue mass in fld and fld(2J)mice, wild-type Lpin1 mRNA is expressed at high levels in adipose tissue and is induced during differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes [34].
• AGPAT2 mRNA is highly expressed in adipose tissue [35].
• Unexpectedly, Crebbp+/- mice showed markedly reduced weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) but not of other tissues [36].
• Adipose tissue reduction in mice lacking the translational inhibitor 4E-BP1 [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Adipose Tissue

• Transplantation of a multipotent cell population from human adipose tissue induces dystrophin expression in the immunocompetent mdx mouse [38].
• In this study we examined the expression pattern of TNF-alpha mRNA in adipose tissues from 18 control and 19 obese premenopausal women by Northern blot analysis [39].
• As assessed by immuknoprecipitation and Western blotting, circulating leptin protein is regulated by LPS and cytokines in parallel to regulation of adipose tissue leptin mRNA [40].
• To examine whether increased PTPase activity is associated with adipose tissue insulin resistance in human obesity we measured PTPase enzyme activity towards the insulin receptor in homogenates of subcutaneous adipose tissue from a series of six lean and six nondiabetic, obese (body mass index > 30) subjects [41].
• To elucidate the mechanism by which troglitazone relieves insulin resistance in vivo, we studied its effects on the white adipose tissues of an obese animal model (obese Zucker rat) [42].

References