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Gene Review:

frr - ribosome recycling factor

Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655

Synonyms: ECK0171, JW0167, rrf

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Disease relevance of frr

Localization of the ribosome-releasing factor gene in the Escherichia coli chromosome [1].
The ribosome releasing factor (RR factor) which releases ribosomes from mRNA at the termination codon has been examined for its effects on the amino acid incorporation programmed by wild type R17 Phage RNA and amB2 R17 RNA [2].

High impact information on frr

Transposon insertions upstream of the frr gene, which encodes RF4 (ribosome release or recycling factor), restored growth to this mutant [3].
An E. coli strain was constructed (MC1061-2), which carried frame-shifted frr in the chromosome and wild-type frr on a temperature-sensitive plasmid [4].
MC1061-2 is temperature-sensitive in its growth and does not segregate its frr-carrying plasmid under the plasmid incompatibility pressure [4].
These observations establish that frr is an essential gene for cell growth [4].
All spontaneously formed thermoresistant colonies derived from MC1061-2 carried wild-type frr that resided either in the bacterial chromosome by re-exchange or in the plasmid, which became temperature-resistant [4].

Biological context of frr

The P. aeruginosa frr was mapped at 30 to 32 min of the P. aeruginosa chromosome [5].
Ribosome releasing factor (RRF) is responsible for the release of ribosomes from messenger RNA at the termination of Escherichia coli protein biosynthesis (Hirashima, A., and Kaji, A. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 4037-4044) [6].
The amino acid sequence predicted from the cloned gene revealed 48 and 46% identity with the ribosome releasing factor, a protein factor required for release of the 70S ribosome from the mRNA, of E. coli and Haemophilus influenzae Rd, respectively [7].
Identification of the promoter region of the ribosome-releasing factor cistron (frr) [8].

Anatomical context of frr

Ribosome recycling factor (RRF), coded for by the frr locus, is involved in the disassembly of post-termination complexes and recycling of the ribosomes for a fresh round of initiation in bacteria and in eukaryotic organelles [9].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of frr

Molecular cloning and expression of ribosome releasing factor [6].

References

Localization of the ribosome-releasing factor gene in the Escherichia coli chromosome. Ichikawa, S., Ryoji, M., Siegfried, Z., Kaji, A. J. Bacteriol. (1989) [Pubmed]
Ribosome run through of the termination codon in the absence of the ribosome releasing factor. Ogawa, K., Kaji, A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1975) [Pubmed]
Ribosome release factor RF4 and termination factor RF3 are involved in dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosome. Heurgué-Hamard, V., Karimi, R., Mora, L., MacDougall, J., Leboeuf, C., Grentzmann, G., Ehrenberg, M., Buckingham, R.H. EMBO J. (1998) [Pubmed]
Ribosome recycling factor (ribosome releasing factor) is essential for bacterial growth. Janosi, L., Shimizu, I., Kaji, A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) [Pubmed]
Molecular cloning, sequencing, purification, and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ribosome recycling factor. Ohnishi, M., Janosi, L., Shuda, M., Matsumoto, H., Hayashi, T., Terawaki, Y., Kaji, A. J. Bacteriol. (1999) [Pubmed]
Molecular cloning and expression of ribosome releasing factor. Ichikawa, S., Kaji, A. J. Biol. Chem. (1989) [Pubmed]
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the gene coding for a ribosome releasing factor-homologous protein of Brucella melitensis. Vizcaíno, N., Cloeckaert, A., Dubray, G., Zygmunt, M.S. Infect. Immun. (1996) [Pubmed]
Identification of the promoter region of the ribosome-releasing factor cistron (frr). Shimizu, I., Kaji, A. J. Bacteriol. (1991) [Pubmed]
Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribosome recycling factor (RRF) and a mutant lacking six amino acids from the C-terminal end reveals that the C-terminal residues are important for its occupancy on the ribosome. Rao, A.R., Varshney, U. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) (2002) [Pubmed]

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